Automated solution dispenser

ABSTRACT

The methods and systems of the invention include the use of automated solution dispensers in laboratory environment. The automated solution dispensers can be controlled locally or remotely within a network. The usage of the instruments can be followed and procurement of supplies can be automated.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a non-provisional of and claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Application No. 61/673,190, entitled “Automated SolutionDispenser” filed Jul. 18, 2012, the contents of which is incorporated byreference herein for all purposes.

The present application is also related to International PatentApplication No: PCT/GB2012/050114, the entire contents of which areincorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Preparation of solutions is one of the most common and time consumingactivities in a laboratory environment in the industry and academia. Anumber of the tasks that can be involved in solution preparation,including measuring, dispensing, mixing, adjusting the pH, adjusting thetemperature, degassing, filtering, bottling, labeling, and cleaningbefore or after solution preparation is mostly done manually requiring alot of time from laboratory workers. Consistent handling of a wide rangeof solids, including fine powders, clumpy powders and crystalline solidsin an accurate manner is currently often achieved manually. Automationwould reduce the time spent by the individual workers for these routinetasks and allow them the use of their time in other tasks. Automationwould also enable for reproducibility and consistency within and amonglaboratories. Automation would also allow for consistent and accuratemonitoring of key parameters of the solution, such as temperature andpH, increasing the ease and speed of preparing the solutions andoptimizing solution preparation parameters. Further, automation wouldallow for consistent log keeping for the stock and consumption ofsolution components, which would ease procurement of the solutioncomponents in a timely and efficient manner. In addition, through theuse of automation, new sales and restocking systems may be developed. Inaddition to this, the system will over time yield data which will allowoptimization of both solutions and the amounts prepared, creatingconsiderable savings of money to laboratories and savings in chemicaluse for a green benefit.

Accordingly, there is a need for a solution dispenser that canaccurately dose, mix, pH, heat, cool, degas, filter, and bottlesolutions with minimal human intervention. Further, there is a need forautomated solution dispensers that can handle solids of various physicalproperties, such as fine powder, clumpy powder, and crystalline solids,accurately and consistently. In addition, there is a need for automatedlog keeping for solution preparation for the purposes of optimizingsolution preparation, procurement and stocking of solution components ina semi-automated or fully automated manner.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the invention relates to a system for preparing asolution, comprising:

-   -   a) an automated solution dispenser capable of mixing at least        one solid and one liquid; and    -   b) a control system that is operably linked to the solution        dispenser, comprising a user interface;    -   wherein the system is capable of        -   i. mixing the solid and liquid according to a solution order            from a user; and        -   ii. determining a weight of the at least one solid prior to            mixing

The solution may comprise a laboratory solution. The system may comprisea solids handling system (sometimes referred to as the solid handlingsystem) for storing, manipulating, and/or dosing the at least one solid(sometimes referred to as solid component). The system may also comprisea liquid handling system for likewise storing, handling, and dosing theat least one liquid (sometimes referred to as liquid component). Thecontrol system may be equipped to be accessed from a remote location.The system may be configured to accept a solution order. The solutionorder may be entered from a remote location. The solution order maycomprise specifications for solution preparation. The solution order maybe linked to stored specifications for solution preparation. Theautomated solution dispenser may be capable of self-cleaning. Theself-cleaning may allow the solution dispenser to create multipledifferent solutions with sufficiently low cross-contamination, withoutmanual human intervention. Reagents for the preparation of multipledifferent solutions may be connected to the automated solution dispenserfurther reducing or eliminating the need for manual human intervention.The system may be capable of monitoring the pH of the solution. Thelaboratory solution may be a biological solution. In some embodiments,the system is capable of preparing the laboratory solution at least 95%,99%, 99.5%, 99.9%, or higher accuracy. The volume of the solution may beabout 25 ml, 50 ml, 100 ml, 250 ml, 500 ml, 1 l, 2 l, 5 l or more. Thesystem may be capable of preparing 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 25, 50, 100 ormore solutions without manual intervention. The automated solutiondispenser may be further capable of dosing and mixing at least 2, 3, 4,5, 10, 15, 25, 50, 100 or more solids. In some embodiments, the systemis capable of titrating the solution with an acid or base solutionachieving a specified target pH.

The laboratory solution may comprise one or more reagents from the groupconsisting of Citric Acid, Methanol, Ethanol, Acetonitrile, Hexane, BSANa₂HPO₄, NaH₂PO₄, Imidazole, Hexane, Methanol, Ethanol, Acetonitrile,Sodium Citrate, Sodium Acetate, Acetic Acid, Sodium Carbonate, SodiumBicarbonate, 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES),2-[Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol(Bis-Tris), N-(2-Acetamido)iminodiacetic Acid (ADA),2-(carbamoylmethylamino)ethanesulfonic acid (ACES),1,4-Piperazinediethanesulfonic acid (PIPES),3-(N-Morpholino)-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic Acid (MOPSO),1,3-bis(tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)propane (Bis-Tris Propane),N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonic Acid (BES),3-morpholinopropane-1-sulfonic acid (MOPS),4-(N-morpholino)butanesulfonic acid (MOBS),2-[[1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethanesulfonic acid(TES), 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES),3-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonic acid (DIPSO),3-morpholinopropane-1-sulfonic acid (MOPS),3-[[1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl]amino]-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonicacid (TAPSO), 2-Amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIZMA),4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-(2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid) (HEPPSO),2-hydroxy-3-[4-(2-hydroxy-3-sulfopropyl)piperazin-1-yl]propane-1-sulfonicacid (POPSO), TEA, 4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinepropanesulfonic acid,4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-propanesulfonic acid (EPPS),N-(2-Hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl)glycine (Tricine),Glycyl-glycine (Gly-Gly), N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine (Bicine),N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N′-(4-butanesulfonic acid) (HEPBS),3-[[1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl]amino]propane-1-sulfonicacid (TAPS), 2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3-propandiol (AMPD),N-tris(hydroxymethyl)-4-aminobutanesulfonic acid (TABS),N-(1,1-Dimethyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-3-amino-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid(AMPSO), 2-(Cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid (CHES),N-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid (CAPSO),2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP), 3-(Cyclohexylamino)-1-propanesulfonicacid (CAPS), and 4-(Cyclohexylamino)-1-butanesulfonic acid (CABS). Insome embodiments, the laboratory solution is specified at a pH betweenabout 2-7 or 7-11. The laboratory solution may be selected from thesolutions listed in Groups 1-36. The laboratory solution may comprise asolvent with a dielectric constant in the range of 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5,5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60, 60-70, or 70-80.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises a water purifierand/or a filtration system. Consumption, present or estimated futurestock level of at least one solid or at least one liquid may be tracked,for example at a remote location. A purchase order may be suggested fora solid or liquid, for a plurality of solids, liquids or a combinationof at least one of each. The purchase order may be automaticallysubmitted. The purchase order may be submitted according to one or morereagent ordering criteria introduced by a user. The cloud systems canoptimize the timing of purchase orders to optimize logistics of thesuppliers.

In some embodiments, instructions for one or more enumerated solutionsare programmed into the control system. The one or more enumeratedsolutions may comprise crystallography screening solutions or solutionsfor liquid chromatography. Instructions for the one or more enumeratedsolutions may be provided from a remote location. Instructions for theone or more enumerated solutions may be provided by a user. Instructionsfor the one or more enumerated solutions may be provided from anauthorized system.

The control system may be further configured to give access to a user tocontrol at least one secondary system. The secondary system may compriseat least one component selected from the group consisting of a camera, alight detector, a moveable optical system, a radioactivity detector, alight source, a power supply, a voltage regulator, a voltage meter, anammeter, a thermocoupler, a thermometer, a potentiometer, an oscillator,a heater, a cooler, a pump, a pressure regulator, a chromatographysystem, an agitator, a shaker, a sonicator, a vacuum source, a scale, acentrifuge, a filtration device, a timer, a monitor, a robotic arm, anautomated pipetting system, a positive displacement pump, and a printer.The control of the secondary system may be facilitated by a userinstalled device driver. The control system may be further configured togive access to a user through an application programming interface. Thesystem may further comprise a user installed computer program, whereinthe computer program is capable of manipulating data originating fromthe automated solution dispenser. The system may also comprise a userinstalled computer program, wherein the computer program is capable ofmanipulating data originating from the secondary system. In someembodiments, the automated solution dispenser and the secondary systemare obtained from separate providers. The automated solution dispenserand the secondary system may be manufactured by separate producers. Insome embodiments, the user is not a member of the entity providing theautomated solution dispenser or the entity manufacturing the automatedsolution dispenser. The solution dispenser may be operably linked to asecondary system and may be able to supply solutions to the secondarysystem directly. The control system may be configured to facilitate,track, and/or control the transfer of a solution from the solutiondispenser to the secondary system. In some embodiments, the computersystem and the user installed computer program are obtained fromseparate providers. The system may further comprise a memory storageunit and/or a database. In some embodiments, at least one operatingparameter is stored in the memory storage unit. The control system maybe configured to measure at least one operating parameter. The at leastone operating parameter may be selected from the group consisting ofoperating time, temperature, pH, turbidity, volume, capacitance, andcomposition of solution. The at least one operating parameter may bemeasured over time. The control system may be capable of outputting theat least one operating parameter.

The system may further comprise at least one controllable inlet port,wherein the at least one controllable inlet port controllably receivesat least one component of a solution. In some embodiments, the systemfurther comprises at least one mixing chamber. At least one controllableinlet port may be operably linked to the at least one mixing chamber fordelivery of at least one component of a solution. The at least onecontrollable inlet port may comprise a controllable solids port that iscapable of controllably supplying solid components to the at least onemixing chamber from one or more solid sources. The controllable solidsport may comprise a solids dispensing system that is engageable with asolids dosing mechanism, wherein the solids dosing mechanism is capableof controllably dispensing a dosed amount of the at least one solid froma solid source. The solids dispensing system, also referred to as thesolids delivery system (SDS) may comprise a dosing mechanism driver(DMD) that is moveable in and out of engagement with the solids dosingmechanism (SDM). The solids dosing mechanism, when in engagement, may bedriveable for dispensing the dosed amount of the at least one solid bythe dosing mechanism driver. The system may further comprising amoveable tube extending from an inlet of the at least one mixing chambertowards the solids dosing mechanism. The moveable tube may comprise aninlet for receiving solids dispensed from a solid source, an outletcoupled to the inlet of the at least one mixing chamber and isconfigured to allow the at least one solid to pass therethrough. Themoveable tube may be moveable in and out of engagement with a portion ofthe solids dispensing system. Typically the movable tube may be movablein and out of engagement with the solids dosing mechanism. When engaged,the moveable tube may form a path between the solids dispensing systemand the at least one mixing chamber through which the at least one solidis capable of passing. The moveable tube may comprise a shape that iscapable of preventing solids from attaching to an inner surface of themoveable tube. In some embodiments, at least one wall of the moveabletube is electrostatically charged or coated with a non-stick materialsuch that solids are repelled. In some embodiments, a cleaning system isimplemented in a similar configuration to a solids dosing mechanism andcan be used to clean parts of the solids dosing mechanism and/or thecentral mixing chamber. The controllable solids port, SDS, SDM, and DMDmay each optionally be part of a larger system known as the solidshandling system (SHS), which is sometimes also referred to as the solidhandling system. The solids handling system may further comprise meansof handling one or more stores of solid components or solid reagents tobe used in preparing various solutions. The SHS may handle manipulationand selection of the various solid components to be dosed and dispensedby the SDS, SDM, and DMD.

The solids dosing mechanism may further comprise a dosing screwrotatable about a longitudinal axis of the dosing screw, wherein thedosing screw is capable of carrying the at least one solid. The solidsdosing mechanism may further comprise a rotatable base coupled to thedosing screw, the rotatable base being rotatable in cooperation with thedosing screw. The solids dosing mechanism may further comprise a solidsoutlet for receiving the at least one solid from the dosing screw. Whenrotated about the longitudinal axis, the dosing screw may carry the atleast one solid from a solids inlet to the solids outlet. The dosingscrew and the rotatable base may be movable along the longitudinal axisof the dosing screw between an open position in which the solids outletis open, and a closed position in which the solids outlet is closed. Thedosing screw and the rotatable base may be coupled to a gear gate fordriving the dosing screw. The gear gate may be drivable by the dosingmechanism driver. The dosing screw and the rotatable base may be biasedin the closed position. A locking mechanism, optionally utilizing aspring, may be operably linked to seal a disengaged system. In someembodiments, the dosing mechanism comprises a grinder and/or a crusher.In some embodiments, solid containers comprise a grinder and/or acrusher.

In some embodiments of the invention, the SDM and/or the DMD may be usedas driving mechanisms for transmitting torque or mechanical force toadditional elements of the system described elsewhere in thisapplication or known to the art. For example, either the SDM or the DMDcan couple to specialized containers, such as a cleaning containercontained within the solids handling system or equipment used tocalibrate various sensors used by the system.

The control system may be configured to determine a weight of a dosedamount of the at least one solid dispensed from the solid source at adesired time, wherein optionally the desired time is selected dependenton a rate at which the solids dosing mechanism is driven. The controlsystem may be configured to determine a weight of the dosed amount ofthe solid from the solid source dependent on a time and rate at whichthe solid dosing mechanism is driven. the determined weight of the dosedamount of solid from the solid source is tracked to monitor the amountof solid left in the solid source. Alternatively, the weight of thedosed amount of solid is determined by measuring the weight of a solidscontainer (also referred to as a solid container) that stores the solidsource. The system may be configured to facilitate ordering more solidwhen supply of solid left falls below a user defined threshold.

In some embodiments, the solid source is a container (also referred toas a solid container or solids container) containing the at least onesolid. The solids dosing mechanism may, controllable solids port, orsolids dispensing system be coupleable to the container. The system mayfurther comprise a plurality of such containers, each container may becoupleable to the solid dosing mechanism, controllable inlet port, orsolids dispensing system. The plurality of containers may becontrollably moveable between at least one dispensing position, in whicha container is aligned with the controllable inlet port to enabledispensing of a contained solid, and a storage position in which thecontainer is not aligned with the controllable inlet port. The pluralityof containers may be disposed on a turntable having an axis of rotationsuch that the containers are movable between the dispensing and storagepositions. The containers may be further movable to an access port forfacilitating removal and installation of the containers from or onto theturntable.

The at least one controllable inlet port may comprise a controllableliquid inlet port for controllably supplying liquid to the at least onemixing chamber from one or more liquid sources. The one or more liquidsources may comprise a continuous supply, a reservoir internal to thesystem or a reservoir external to the system. The controllable liquidinlet port may comprise one or more pumps coupled to the control system.The control system may be configured to control the one or more pumpssuch that the one or more pumps are capable of dispensing a desiredamount of liquid from the one or more liquid sources. The one or morepumps may comprise a peristaltic pump, a syringe pump, a piston pump, areciprocating pump, a diaphragm pump, a screw pump, a rotating lobepump, a gear pump, or a plunger pump. In some embodiments, thecontrollable liquid inlet port controllably supplies liquid to the atleast one mixing chamber using vacuum or gravity.

The at least one mixing chamber may comprise one or more cleaningnozzles disposed in at least one wall of the at least one mixingchamber, the nozzles being coupled to at least one spray inlet port andbeing arranged to spray received cleaning fluid inside the at least onemixing chamber.

The system may further comprise at least one sensor. The at least onesensor may sense at least one characteristic of the solution. The atleast one sensor may sense at least one characteristic of at least onecomponent of a solution prior to mixing.

The at least one sensor may be coupled to a weighing device configuredto determine a loss in weight of the container upon dispensing of the atleast one solid from the container. The control system may be configuredto controllably supply the solid to the mixing chamber until a targetweight of the at least one solid is reached based on the loss in weightof the container. The at least one sensor may be coupled to a solidsweighing device that is capable of receiving, weighing and dispensingthe at least one solid from the solids dosing mechanism into the atleast one mixing chamber. The solids weighing device may comprise amoveable receptacle for receiving the at least one solid; a weighingdevice coupled to the moveable receptacle for weighing the dispensedsolid; and a dispensing mechanism for dispensing the at least one solidupon weighing into the mixing chamber. The weighing device may comprisea load cell or a force compensated electromagnet.

The dispensing mechanism may be configured to move the moveablereceptacle to a receiving position when receiving the at least one solidfrom the solids dosing mechanism, and configured to move the moveablereceptacle to a dispensing position when dispensing the at least onesolid into the mixing chamber. The at least one sensor may comprise aweighing device configured to determine a gain in weight of the at leastone mixing chamber upon receipt of a solid into the at least one mixingchamber. The control system may be configured to controllably supply thesolid to the mixing chamber until a target weight of the solid isreached.

The at least one sensor may comprise a solution sensor capable ofsensing one or more characteristics of the solution. The control systemmay be configured to controllably supply the at least one solid to theat least one mixing chamber until a target characteristic of thesolution is detected. The characteristic of the solution may be selectedfrom the group consisting of pH, temperature, chemical composition,weight, flow rate, conductivity, turbidity, density, capacitance, andviscosity. The at least one sensor may measure cleanliness.

The system may perform at least one self-cleaning cycle. The controlsystem may initiate an additional self-cleaning cycle based oncleanliness. In some embodiments, at least one inlet port is controlledto input a cleaning fluid into the at least one mixing chamber. At leastone outlet port may be controlled to dispense a cleaning fluid from theat least one mixing chamber. The at least one mixing chamber maycomprise one or more cleaning nozzles disposed in at least one wall ofthe at least one mixing chamber, the nozzles being coupled to at leastone spray inlet port and being arranged to spray a cleaning fluid insidethe chamber. The control system may be configured to implement theself-cleaning cycle, wherein at least one spray inlet port is controlledto input a cleaning fluid into the at least one mixing chamber, and acontrollable outlet valve is controlled to dispense the cleaning fluid.At least one spray inlet port may be coupled to one or more cleaningnozzles arranged to spray a cleaning fluid inside the at least onemixing chamber. At least one spray inlet port may be coupled to a sprayball comprising a plurality of nozzles arranged to spray a cleaningfluid inside the at least one mixing chamber. At least one inlet portmay be coupled to a pump for supplying the cleaning fluid. The cleaningfluid may be supplied under pressure. The at least one spray inlet portmay be coupled to a detergent source for dispensing detergent into thecleaning fluid. The detergent source may comprise an injection pump. Thecleaning cycle may clean a flowable path from one or more inlet portscoupled with the at least one mixing chamber through to an output of oneor more outlet ports. In some embodiments of the invention the cleaningcycle incorporates a container such as one of the solid containers. Thesolids dosing mechanism (SDM) and/or the dosing mechanism driver (DMD)of the solids dispensing system (SDS) may couple to a one of the solidcontainers or a specialized cleaning container (in the same fashion as astandard solid container). Either the solid container or the specializedcleaning container may comprise a drivable cleaning nozzle. The SDM orthe DMD may supply torque to the drivable cleaning nozzle such that thedrivable cleaning nozzle rotates while spraying the cleaning fluid tomore effectively clean all nearby portions of the system. Thespecialized cleaning container may have a spray inlet or spray nozzlefor cleaning one or more downstream components of the system. The nozzlemay be rotatable as explained above or instead the SDM or DMD may rotatethe bottle itself to accomplish rotating the cleaning fluid spray. Suchrotation is typically, but not necessarily about the long axis of thesolid bottle or cleaning bottle.

A controllable drying system may be coupled to the control system. Thecontrol system may implement a drying cycle in the at least one mixingchamber by controlling the controllable drying system. The controlsystem may implement a drying cycle in a flowable path from one or moreinlet ports coupled with the at least one mixing chamber through to anoutput of one or more outlet ports, by controlling the controllabledrying system. The controllable drying system may comprise a fan, avacuum, a heat source or a source of substantially dry air.

The system may further comprise a heating system and/or a coolingsystem. A sensor may be configured to measure a temperature of thesolution. The control system may be configured to control the heatingand/or cooling system to control the temperature of the solution basedon a target temperature and the temperature of the solution. A targettemperature may be used to optimize the time it takes for variousreagents to dissolve.

The system may further comprise at least one outlet port. The at leastone outlet port may be coupled to the at least one mixing chamber. Thesystem may further comprise a controllable outlet port valve capable ofcontrolling flow of the solution through the at least one outlet port.In some embodiments, the mixing chamber may comprise a beaker with orwithout a bottom valve. The beaker may be tipped, for example by arobot, to pour the solution to a bottle. The beaker may be removed andcan be replaced with a second clean beaker. Alternatively, the beakermay be replaced after cleaning. In some embodiments, the mixing chambercomprises a bottle. The bottle may be removed for the delivery of theprepared solution.

The system may further comprise at least one agitation system enablingagitation of the solution. The agitation may be implemented using amethod selected from a group consisting of stirring, shaking, andsonicating.

In some embodiments, the control system may be coupled to at least onecontrollable inlet port, at least one input sensor, at least oneagitation system, at least one sensor, and/or at least one outlet portvalve. The control system may be configured to initiate mixing anddispensing of the solution.

The control system may be configured to measure and store at least oneoperating parameter of the automated solution dispenser during operationand store the at least one operating parameter in the memory storage.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a method comprising the useof an automated solution dispenser, wherein at least one solid or liquidis delivered from an intermediate vendor, wherein the intermediatevendor supplies the at least one solid or liquid. The intermediatevendor may supply the at least one solid or liquid at a price marginover a primary vendor price. The delivery of the at least one solid orliquid may be triggered by a consumption or stock alert for the at leastone solid or liquid. The consumption stock alert may be generated when apresent or estimated future stock level of the at least one solid orliquid falls below a preset threshold value. The laboratory solution maycomprise one or more of Citric Acid, Methanol, Ethanol, Acetonitrile,Hexane, BSA, Na₂HPO₄, NaH₂PO₄, Imidazole, Hexane, Methanol, Ethanol,Acetonitrile, Sodium Citrate, Sodium Acetate, Acetic Acid, SodiumCarbonate, Sodium Bicarbonate, MES, Bis-Tris, ADA, aces, PIPES, MOPSO,Bis-Tris Propane, BES, MOPS, TES, HEPES, DIPSO, MOBS, TAPSO, TRIZMA,HEPPSO, POPSO, TEA, EPPS, Tricine, Gly-Gly, Bicine HEPBS, TAPS, AMPD,TABS, AMPSO, CHES, CAPSO, AMP, CAPS, or CABS.

In yet another aspect, the invention relates to a method comprisingpreparing a laboratory solution using the automated solution dispenser,wherein the at least one solid or liquid comprises one or more of CitricAcid, Methanol, Ethanol, Acetonitrile, Hexane, BSA, Na2HPO4, NaH2PO4,Imidazole, Hexane, Methanol, Ethanol, Acetonitrile, Sodium Citrate,Sodium Acetate, Acetic Acid, Sodium Carbonate, Sodium Bicarbonate, MES,Bis-Tris, ADA, aces, PIPES, MOPSO, Bis-Tris Propane, BES, MOPS, TES,HEPES, DIPSO, MOBS, TAPSO, TRIZMA, HEPPSO, POPSO, TEA, EPPS, Tricine,Gly-Gly, Bicine, HEPBS, TAPS, AMPD, TABS, AMPSO, CHES, CAPSO, AMP, CAPS,or CABS. The laboratory solution is prepared at a pH between about 2-7or 7-11.

In a further aspect, the invention relates to a method comprisingpreparing a laboratory solution using the automated solution dispenser,wherein the laboratory solution is selected from the solutions listed inGroups 1-36.

In a yet further aspect, the invention relates to a method comprisingpreparing a laboratory solution using the automated solution dispenser,wherein the laboratory solution comprises a solvent with a dielectricconstant in the range of 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-30,30-40, 40-50, 50-60, 60-70, or 70-80.

The automated solution dispenser may comprise a water purifier. At leastsome of the water within the prepared laboratory solution may bepurified by the water purifier. The automated solution dispenser mayfurther comprise a filtration system. One or more of the components ofthe prepared solution may be filtered, for example by the integratedfiltration system.

Some embodiments of the invention entail systems and methods forcalibrating the one or more sensors of the system. The system may usesensor references (standards) within or outside the system to calibratethe various sensors used by the system during operation. Such standardsmay comprise standard weights having verified known weights forcalibrating scales, reference pH solutions with known pH values forcalibrating pH sensors, or standard materials, having predetermined andverified properties including but not limited to conductivity,turbidity, particle sizes, radioactivity, density, volume ortemperature. The standard materials may include solid phase materials orliquid phase materials, for example a standard weight for calibrating aweight sensor maybe a piece of platinum, lead or copper having a knownweight (or any other standard weight known in the art). A pH standardsolution would be an example of a liquid phase standard material. Thestandard materials may also include a combination of solid and liquidphase materials. For example a temperature sensor in the Central MixingChamber may be calibrated by introducing a dry ice and ethanol bath intothe CMC. Such a bath will remain at −78° C. until all the dry icesublimates providing a reference temperature for calibrating thetemperature sensor. Solid and liquid standards may optionally be handledby the solid handling system and the liquid handling systemrespectively. For instance the dry ice and ethanol bath may beintroduced to the CMC by loading the system with a container of dry ice,whereby the solids handling system will transfer a quantity of the dryice to the CMC. The ethanol similarly can by introduced to the CMC viathe liquid handling system. Optionally a user of the system may manuallyintroduce the reference materials into the system for calibration; forinstance, the user may manually load a standard weight on the weighingtray of the solids weighing system. The user may also load solidcontainers onto the solids handing system having know weights in orderto calibrate weight sensors that are tasked with monitoring the weightsof the solids containers. The system may utilize cleaning cycles before,during, or after calibration procedures.

Some embodiments of the invention comprise comprises system and methodfor calibrating weight sensors used by the system. In some embodimentsthe system comprises one or more weight sensors (scales) for measuringthe weight of the solids containers. Such measurements may be used bythe system to facilitate accurate dosing of the solids reagents storedin the one or more solids containers to the CMC. Such measurements mayalso be used to track the amount of solids reagents currently stored bythe solids handling system and the rate at which the various solidsreagents are consumed. This information may be used to anticipate and/orgenerate replacement orders of solid reagents. To ensure accurateoperation of these scales the system may periodically calibrate the oneor more scales.

The system may further comprise a solids container, configured to hold areference weight having a known weight, for calibrating the one or morescales, this container may be referred to as scale calibrationcontainer. The scale calibration container having the reference weightbeing uncoupleable and coupleable to the scale calibration container,the coupling and decoupling controlled by rotation of a motor (such as amotor of the SDM), and wherein the scale calibration containerfacilitates calibration of a scales by coupling and decoupling thereference weight in between weightings of the scale calibrationcontainer by the scale. The reference weight, contained in the scalecalibration container or held by the scale calibration container, mayhave a hook configured to hook and unhook to the scale calibrationcontainer. The scale calibration container may be configured tointerface with a motor (sometimes referred to as a solids dosing motor)of the solids handling system such that rotating the solids dosing motorwill lower the reference weight into a solid cup of the solid handlingsystem. Further rotation of the solids dosing motor may fully unhook thereference weight from the scale calibration container. After unhookingthe reference weight from the scale calibration container, furtherrotation of the solids dosing motor may re-hook the reference weight tothe scale calibration container and raise the reference weight into thescale calibration container. The scale calibration container mayoptionally couple the SDM or the DMD such that the SDM or the DMDsupplies the torque used to lower, raise, hook, and/or unhook thereference weight.

Various embodiments of the invention may evaluate a status of thevarious sensors of the system. These sensors may include pH sensors,weight, sensors, conductivity sensors, turbidity sensors, or any othersensors described in the various embodiments of the invention elsewherein this application. The system may store measurement histories of anyof the sensors comprising readings from the sensors during the operationof the sensor. The measurement histories may be stored in the system'sdatabase for access and statistical processing, which in turn may beused to evaluate the operable status of any given sensor. The system maythen take appropriate action such as ordering a replacement sensor ifany sensor is operating outside of specified parameters.

Various embodiments of the invention may evaluate a status of thevarious sensors of the system. These sensors may include pH sensors,weight, sensors, conductivity sensors, turbidity sensors, or any othersensors described in the various embodiments of the invention elsewherein this application. The system may store measurement histories of anyof the sensors comprising readings from the sensors during the operationof the sensor. The measurement histories may be stored in the system'sdatabase for access and statistical processing, which in turn may beused to evaluate the operable status of any given sensor. The system maythen take appropriate action such as ordering a replacement sensor ifany sensor is operating outside of specified parameters.

Some embodiments may be directed at mixing solutions that comprisemultiple solid and or multiple liquid components. The number of solidcomponents (reagents) and/or liquid components (reagents) may comprise2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, or more. The number of solid componentsand/or liquid components may also be in the range of 2-100, 2-10, 10-20,20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60, 60-70, 70-80, 80-90, 90-100, greater than100. All of the solid and/or liquid components may be stored within thesystem by the SHS or LHS. Addition of additional solid or liquidcomponents to the solution may happen while the solution is being mixedfrom other solid or liquid components. In some embodiments the user mayadd additional solid or liquid components (not presently contained bythe system) to the system to be handled by the SHS or LHS andsubsequently introduced to the solution being created, while thesolution is being created or while the solution is being mixed. Whilethe solution is being mixed, the user may add solid or liquid componentsto the system which will not be introduced to the currently beingprepared solution. The user may do this to prepare the system for asubsequently to be creates solution.

Some embodiments of the system and methods of the invention comprisemeans and steps for inventory management. The system's computerizedhardware and software may take data from the various sensors of thesystem (scales, cameras, RF Id scanners) to keep track of and manage thestores of various solid and liquid reagents and components used toprepare the solutions. In some embodiments this data is used along withworkflow data to manage the inventory of various reagents held withinthe system.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specificationare herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if eachindividual publication or patent application was specifically andindividually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity inthe appended claims. A better understanding of the features andadvantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to thefollowing detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments,in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and theaccompanying drawings of which:

FIG. 1A illustrates and overview of an automated solution dispenseraccording to some embodiments of the invention. FIG. 1B depicts anembodiment of the liquid handling system. FIG. 1C depicts an embodimentof the solids handling system. FIG. 1D depicts an embodiment of thecentral mixing chamber. FIG. 1E depicts an embodiment of the bottlehandling system. FIG. 1F depicts an embodiment of the support and casingstructures. FIG. 1G depicts an embodiment of the water purificationmodule.

FIGS. 2A-B illustrate exemplary workflow options for the automatedsolution dispenser.

FIG. 3 illustrates an overview of an automated solution dispenseraccording to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 4 illustrates a solids handling system according to someembodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates a turn table for the solid handling system accordingto some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates the turn table of FIG. 8 in more detail.

FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B illustrate a dosing system according to someembodiments of the present invention

FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B illustrate a solids platform weight scale and dosingdriver according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example solids platform and dosing driveraccording to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B illustrate example weights scale according to someembodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 11 illustrates portions of the solids handling system of anautomated solution dispenser according to an embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 12 illustrates another aspect for the solids handling system of anautomated solution dispenser according to an embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 13 illustrates the liquid handling system according to someembodiments of the present invention

FIG. 14 illustrates examples of mechanical seals according to someembodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 15 illustrates a pivot pipe according to some embodiments of thepresent invention.

FIG. 16 illustrates a flush and verification system according to someembodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 17 illustrates a central mixing chamber according to someembodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 18A and FIG. 18B illustrates at top and side view, respectively, ofa bottle handling system according to some embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 19 illustrates various components of a generalized computer systemaccording to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 20 is a block diagram illustrating an example architecture of acomputer system that can be used in connection with example embodimentsof the present invention.

FIG. 21 is a diagram illustrating a computer network that can be used inconnection with example embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 22 is a block diagram illustrating another example architecture ofa computer system that can be used in connection with exampleembodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 23A illustrates a networked system operably linked to an automatedsolution dispenser according to some embodiments of the invention. FIG.23B illustrates an example of a networked cloud system that is designedto work with the automated solution dispenser according to someembodiments of the invention.

FIG. 24 shows a flow diagram illustrating a process for systems andmethods of pH sensor calibration according to some embodiments of theinvention.

FIG. 25 shows a flow diagram illustrating a process for systems andmethods of sensor status evaluation according to some embodiments of theinvention.

FIG. 26 shows a flow diagram illustrating a process for systems andmethods of weight sensor according to some embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 27 shows a flow diagram illustrating a process for systems andmethods of inventory management according to some embodiments of theinvention.

FIGS. 28A-B show a flow diagram illustrating a process for systems andmethods of solid reagent replacement according to some embodiments ofthe invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Various embodiments of the invention relate to systems and methods forsolution preparation. Many embodiments comprise a system forautomatically preparing the solution, the system may be referred to asthe system or is sometimes referred to as an automated solutiondispenser. In any of the embodiments the solution may be a laboratorysolution. In some embodiments, the ingredients for the solution comprisesolids, such as loose powder, clumpy powder or crystalline solids.According to some embodiments of the invention, solution preparation isfully or partially automated. In some embodiments, a controller computeror computer system with a software component enables coordination ofmultiple processes through the system. Multiple users can be coordinatedto share the system. In some embodiments, a software component allowsincorporation of primary and secondary hardware components into thesystem. In some embodiments, a software developer is enabled toincorporate additional software components to a core software componentof the system using for example an application programming interface(API) to the core software component. Additional software components maybe configured to control components of the automated solution dispenserand/or secondary systems.

In various embodiments, the invention provides an automated solutiondispenser for dispensing a solution having a list of characteristics,such as pH, temperature, chemical composition. The dispenser cancomprise one or more of any of the components comprising a mixingchamber, a controllable inlet port to the chamber, an input sensor, anagitator, a solution sensor, an outlet port coupled to the mixingchamber, a controllable outlet port valve, and a controller. Thecontroller can be coupled to one or more controllable inlet ports, oneor more input sensors, one or more agitators, one or more solutionsensors, and/or one or more outlet port valves. In various embodiments,the controller is configured to measure the received components, mix thereceived components into a solution and dispense the solution. In someembodiments, an inlet port facilitates controllable entry into themixing chamber of the components to be mixed into a solution. An inputsensor may be utilized to determine a quantitative input of thecomponents to be mixed into the solution. One or more solution sensorsmay detect one or more characteristics of the solution. An outlet portvalve may be used for controlling the flow of solution through theoutput port. In various embodiments, the agitator is operably linked tothe mixing chamber. Components, methods and systems are provided tomeasure any received components, mix the received components into asolution and dispense the solution. In various embodiments, thecontrollable inlet port comprises a controllable liquid inlet port forcontrollably supplying liquid to the mixing chamber from one or moreliquid sources. The liquid source may comprise a continuous supply, areservoir internal to the solution dispenser or a reservoir external tothe solution dispenser. The controllable liquid inlet port may compriseone or more pumps coupled to the controller. In some embodiments, thecontroller is configured to control one or more pumps to dispense adesired amount of liquid from the one or more liquid sources. The pumpmay comprise a peristaltic pump, a syringe pump, a piston pump, areciprocating pump, a diaphragm pump, a screw pump, a rotating lobepump, a gear pump, a plunger pump or any other suitable pump known inthe art. In some embodiments, the controllable liquid inlet port mayutilize gravity or vacuum to transfer liquids, for example to supplyliquids to the central mixing chamber. In some embodiments, acontrollable inlet port comprises a controllable solids port forcontrollably supplying solid components to the mixing chamber from oneor more solid sources.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the systems describedherein comprise a central mixing chamber, a flush and verificationsystem, a liquid handling system, a control system, a pivot pipe system,a plug valve system, a solid handling system, a bottle handling system,a bottle marker/labeler, a filtering system, and a water purifier. Insome embodiments, the system is configured to implement a cleaningcycle. Methods for cleaning the system can be preconfigured into thesystem. Methods and systems for cleaning cycles are described in furtherdetail elsewhere in this application. In some embodiments, at least oneinlet port is controlled to input a cleaning fluid into the mixingchamber, and the controllable outlet valve is controlled to dispense thecleaning fluid.

The outlet port of any of the automated solution dispensers describedmay be coupled to a controllable directing mechanism for directing adispensed solution to a desired station. The controller may beconfigured to control the directing mechanism to dispense a solution toa desired station. Program modes of the automated solution dispenser mayinclude instructions to control the dispensing of solutions. In someembodiments, the station comprises a drain, a bottle handling station, apH sensor storage liquid recycle station, a filtering and bottlingstation, a degassing and bottling station, an analyzing and bottlingstation, or any combination thereof. In various embodiments, thesolution sensor comprises a temperature sensor. In some embodiments, thecontroller may be configured to control a heating and/or cooling meansto control the temperature of the solution based on a targettemperature.

In some embodiments, the automated solution dispenser comprises a memorystorage means. The controller can be configured to measure and store aplurality of operating parameters of the automated solution dispenserduring operation and store the parameters in the memory storage means.In various embodiments, the operating parameters comprise one or more ofoperating time, target temperature, target pH, and target composition ofsolution. The controller can be configured to output one or more of theoperating parameters. The one or more operating parameters can beprinted to a label for affixing to a container containing a solutiondispensed by the automated solution dispenser.

In various embodiments, the controller is configured to implement astorage cycle when the automated solution dispenser is not in use. Thestorage cycle may comprise controlling an inlet port to input a storagesolution into the mixing chamber, wherein the storage solution isselected to preserve a solution sensor.

The controller may be configured to implement a calibration cycle tocalibrate a solution sensor. The calibration cycle can comprise one ormore of the steps of controlling an inlet port to input a solutionhaving a known characteristic into the mixing chamber, reading an outputof a solution sensor, comparing the reading with the knowncharacteristic, and adjusting the solution sensor based on a differencebetween the read output and the known characteristic. Furthercalibration cycles can be implemented to calibrate sensors outside themixing chamber. For example, weight sensors for the dosing of solids canbe calibrated similarly with known amounts of solids. Weight sensors maybe calibrated using a special solid container, using torque supplied bythe SDM or the DMD will lower a reference weight on to a weighingplatform. Once the system detects the reference weight, it willcalibrate itself. The reference weight can then be raised back up usingtorque supplied by the SDM or DMD.

Various embodiments of the invention allow for tracking reagent useand/or stock level locally or at a remote location. Reagents can besupplied according to stock levels. For example, alerts can be createdwhen the stock level of a particular reagent falls below a certainlevel. The rate of reagent use can be taken into account to determine anestimated time of depletion for a particular reagent. The alert may besent to a user of the system for purchasing of reagents. Alternatively,preapproved purchasing decisions can be automatically carried outthrough a connected supplier site. A networked vendor can ship desiredreagents automatically or upon user approval with or without a marginabove third party suppliers. Deliveries of orders from multiple userlocations can be organized, for example by location. Logisticaloptimization of order deliveries can allow for savings and overallenhancement in speed, allowing for greater customer satisfaction. Insome embodiments, savings from the logistical optimization are reflectedin purchase prices as discounts to users.

Systems and methods of the invention further allow for tracking thesolution making parameters from one or more automated solutiondispensers. Data collected during the preparation of a solution can becompiled to refine the solution making instructions for a given solutionrecipe, for example 2M GdnHCl at pH 5.

FIG. 1A illustrates an automated solution dispenser according to someembodiments of the invention. A solid storage rack 11, part of thesolids handing system 10, stores one or more solids containers 12 allowsfor easy reagent restocking. The solid storage rack may optionallycomprise a cooling system. A solid dosing module 20, comprising a soliddosing mechanism, can dose solids in a fast and accurate way, forexample with milligram accuracy or better. The solid dosing module canhave a closed system. Systems and methods described herein allow for theprevention of cross contamination. The liquid handling module 30, alsoreferred to as the liquid handling system (LHS), with open flow pathscan handle and dose liquids with milliliter accuracy or better. Theliquid handling module can be installed with easy access to a pumpingsystem. A filtering module can be permanently or temporarily linked tothe liquid handling module. A mixing chamber 40, also referred to as thecentral mixing chamber (CMC), can be used to mix liquids and optionallysolids. The mixing process can be monitor using suitable sensor devicesdescribed herein or any other suitable sensor device known in the art.In various embodiments, systems and methods of the invention includeself-cleaning capabilities of the mixing chamber and/or any linesfeeding or leaving the mixing chamber. The delivery system 50 allows forthe delivery of the prepared solutions into one or more bottles. Aplurality of bottles can be lined up for sequential and/or automaticprocessing of user provided orders. The delivery system can ensurecorrect allocation of prepared solutions into the plurality of bottles.The one or more bottles containing the prepared solutions may be handledby a bottle handing module 80, also referred to as a bottle handlingsystem. The bottle handling system may be configured to move and/ormanipulate the one or more bottles of prepared solution such that a usermay retrieve the one or more bottles. A user interface, such as thetouch screen user interface 60 may be provided to allow users to entersolution orders and perform administrative tasks, including but notlimited to user registration, job tracking, prioritization of orders,tracking and/or ordering of solution components. An integratedcomputer/control system 70 can provide direct customer support,automatic process adherence, and/or automatic restocking of solutioncomponents. The integrated computer can further communicate withsecondary devices, e.g. other laboratory equipment, and/or computers. Asecondary computer can obtain and provide data to the integratedcomputer, e.g. send solution orders, follow solution preparation throughcollected parameters, obtain queue information, or access any otherinformation available in the integrated computer. The integratedcomputer can control secondary laboratory equipment and/or follow theiruse. For example, the integrated computer can send orders to secondarylaboratory equipment for operation through a device driver and/orcollect equipment status information, data, or any other availableinformation from the laboratory equipment. Connections to and fromsecondary laboratory equipment and secondary computers can be achievedusing connectivity solutions described elsewhere in this application.Device drivers and/or other software that is used to interact withsecondary laboratory devices may be provided by a different vendor/userthan the automated solution dispenser and/or the control systemsdescribed herein.

FIG. 1B, shows the liquid handling module with access door 31 openrevealing one or more peristaltic pumps 32 used by the liquid handingmodule to facilitate transfer and dosing of liquids within the automatedsolution dispenser system.

FIG. 1C, shows an access door for the solids handling system in the openposition revealing a loading port 13 wherein a user may load or unloadsolids containers 12 into the solid storage rack 11 of the solidshandling system 10. Here a solids container 12 shown being removed fromthe automated solution dispenser system. In any of the embodimentsdescribed herein the solids storage rack may comprise a conveyered lineof solids containers or a turntable (solids turntable) wherein there isa mechanized means of automatically moving and/or manipulating thesolids containers to different positions throughout the solids handlingsystem.

FIG. 1D shows the area that houses central mixing chamber 40. In someembodiments of the invention the CMC 40 may be movable into amaintenance position which facilitates easy access to the CMC 40. InFIG. 1D, a module of the invention containing the CMC is shown movedinto a maintenance position.

FIG. 1E shows the bottle handling system 80. In some embodiments thebottle handling system is housed in a slidable module that allows thebottle handling system to moved with respect to the rest of theautomated solution dispenser to facilitate easy access for maintenance.The bottle handing system is shown in the maintenance positions 81. FIG.1E also shows the bottle handling system in a normal operating positionwith an access door open, revealing a removal port where a user mayremove an individual bottle 82 from the bottle handling system 80.

FIG. 1F, shows a core support structure 90, that houses and integratesthe various modules, systems, or sensors of the automated solutiondispenser, such as the solid handling module, liquid handling module,user interfaces, integrated computer control system, CMC, deliverysystem, at bottle handling system, a cleaning system (also referred toas Flush Verification System), and various sensors. Any other module,system, or sensor described in this application may also be housed inthe core support structure. Casings 91 may cover the various modules,systems, or sensors integrated into the core support structure.

FIG. 1G, shows an area in the core support structure that mayaccommodate an optional integrated water purification system 95.

FIG. 2A illustrates exemplary workflow options for the automatedsolution dispenser. Accordingly, a solution order is entered by a user.The solution order is placed in a queue of solution orders. Theplacement of the solution order in the queue can be adjusted based onvarious criteria. For example, orders can be prioritized according touser instructions and/or user's priority settings allowing priority tocertain users. The user order can be called from the queue to processthe order. The solution orders can be entered into the queue with a timestamp and the order can be scheduled to be executed at the requestedtime interval in the time stamp. The time stamp can comprise a timepoint, for example 7:30 am PST every Monday, for starting or finishingthe solution order. Alternatively, the time stamp can comprise a timeinterval with start and end points defining acceptable times for thecompletion of the solution. In another implementation, the time stampmay comprise a time point along with an allowance range, for example7:30 am PST±30 min, defining an acceptable time interval for thesolution preparation. A number of parameters can be predetermined forthe solution preparation, including but not limited to amounts of solidcomponents, amounts of liquid components, total/initial volume, ormixing time. An suitable initial pH value is selected which may or maynot be the same as the final pH value. A suitable temperature for thesolution preparation can be selected. The selected temperature can beadjusted with heater/cooler components described herein or any othersuitable heater/cooler components. The temperature can be measured once,multiple times and can be monitored over time or as a function of othersolution parameters as desired.

Solution components that are consumed can be tracked locally or remotelyby communicating the consumed amounts to a remote computer, for examplevia a computer network. The local control system and/or a remotecomputer can generate alerts for consumable levels and/or for purchaseorders. In some embodiments, consumables are automatically ordered andshipped based on tracked or historical consumption rates.

The liquid handling systems and solid handling systems are capable ofhandling and dosing liquids and solids respectively. In someembodiments, consumable tracking can be performed after dosing to obtainan accurate measure of actual consumed amounts.

In some embodiments, water and/or solvents are added to an initial leveland further supplemented to reach an intermediate or final amount duringsolution preparation. Liquids used in solution preparation can be passedthrough a filtration system before and/or after solution preparation. Insome embodiments, solutions can be degassed after dispensing into asuitable container.

FIG. 2B illustrates exemplary configurations for hardware components andassociated systems. Water mains 205 may be optionally connected to awater purification module such as the integrated water purificationsystem 95 or an external water purification system such as an industrystandard microfiltration system (or other water purification systemsknown in the art). The water from the water mains may be directed by theflush (also referred to as flush verification system) and dispensingsystem. The flush verification system and dispensing system may be usedto run cleaning cycles or may be used to create solutions in the CMC.Water from the water mains and optionally the water purification systemmay also be directed to the liquid handling system 30. Liquid handlingsystem 30, accepts liquid components of the solution to be prepared bythe automated solution dispenser. Such liquid components 230 maycomprise water, solvents, acids, bases, or any liquid reagent requiredto prepare a solution ordered by the user. The liquid components 230 maybe stored internally within the automated solution dispenser, externallyin storage tanks, or may be drawn from an external continuous supply.

The liquid handling system, dispensing system and, flush verificationsystem (FVS) are all fluidly connected to the central mixing chamber tofacilitate, solution creation in the CMC, cleaning of the CMC anddownstream system components, and dispensing the prepared solution. TheFVS 235 and dispensing system (delivery system) 150 may direct cleaningfluid and prepared solution to a desired station such as a drain forcleaning fluid or the bottle handling system 180 for bottling of theprepared solution. The CMC is also connected via a controllable solidsinlet to the Solid handling system which stores, handles, doses, anddispenses solid components for preparing the user specific solution. Thesolid components, also referred to as solid reagents, may be stored insolids containers as described elsewhere. Solutions prepared from liquidand solid components in the CMC are passed to the dispensing system, viafluid connections. The dispensing system then transfers the preparedsolution to an appropriate bottle in the bottle handling system to formthe complete solution. The bottle handling system manages the bottledprepared solution and may label the bottle for tracking and usage. Theintegrated control system 70, along with supporting electronics such assensors, computer hardware, logic controllers and user interfacesfacilitates the coordination of the different hardware modules increating the complete solution 250.

FIG. 3 illustrates an overview of an automated solution dispenseraccording to some embodiments of the invention. Accordingly, a CentralMixing Chamber 40 collects and holds the dispensed liquids and solids,mixes them, adjusts the pH value of the solution with help of the LiquidHandling System (LHS) 30 and/or Solid Handling System (SHS) 10, and/oradjusts the temperature of the solution according to the user'sspecification. The resulting solution can be discharged. A Flush andVerification System (FVS) 230 may be integrated to allow the cleaning ofthe CMC, for example in preparation for the next solution. A variety ofBottle Handling Systems (BHS) 80 may be used to supply and/or correctlyposition an empty bottle or other suitable container for discharge fromthe CMC. Details of the subsystems of the automated solution dispenserare described in further detail herein.

1. Solid Handling

Solid handling is already a major hurdle in automated solutionpreparation for powders, but solids with coarser nature, such as clumpypowders or crystalline solids provide particular difficulties in solidhandling. In various embodiments, the invention provides a solution tothis difficult problem providing an instrument that is capable ofhandling solids of all natures, including powder, clumpy powder andcrystalline. The automated solid dispensers described herein can dosesolids in batch mode. Batches of various volumes can be handled,including, for example, 25 ml, 50 ml, 100 ml, 250 ml, 500 ml, 1 l, 2 l,5 l or more. Solid dosing may be adjusted to address the requirements ofvarious solution volumes. Biological batch solutions require a widerange of solid amounts to be measured, at the same time requiring highprecision. In various embodiments, the automated solution dispensersdescribed herein are capable of measuring solids of various physicalproperties of a wide range of amounts, such as 1-10 μg, 2-20 μg, 3-30μg, 5-50 μg, 10-100 μg, 50-500 μg, 250-1000 μg, 1-10 mg, 2-20 mg, 3-30mg, 5-50 mg, 10-100 mg, 50-500 mg, 250-1000 mg, 1000-15000 mg,15000-50000 mg, or any other range having any of these values as endpoints, e.g. 2-500 μg, 10 μg-50 mg, etc. Automated solution dispensersaccording various embodiments are designed with high precision in solidhandling. Thus, in some embodiments, the automated solution dispensersare capable of measuring solids with 5%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%,0.01%, 0.005%, or higher precision.

Dosing devices according to various embodiments are particularlysuitable for aliquoting from a collection of chemical compounds or forfractionation from storage flasks. Automated solution dispensers areequipped to be able to handle powders or small solids of very differentgrain sizes and different appearances, for example talc, lactose,cornstarch, or sand. In many cases, solids of powder nature may comprisepowders or small solids, such as those with a grain size smaller thanthe thread or the radius of a dosing screw described herein.

In many embodiments, the invention relates to the use of a SolidHandling System (SHS). The SHS can be utilized to accurately dosechemicals in various solid forms, e.g. loose solid/powder forms orcrystalline forms. Solids often need to be specially handled for variousreasons, including industrial scale packing in specific containers.Solids further present particular challenges related to their accurateweighing, aliquoting, solubility, which may depend on a number offactors including but not limited to temperature, pH, solvent,additional reagents mixing method and time. The solution preparationprotocols can be designed to account for these variables. For example, asolid can be solubilized at a favorable pH and/or temperature beforeswitching the solution to the desired and/or final values. Additionalsolubility impeding reagents can be only added subsequent to thesolubilization of a limited solubility solid. Information regardingmaximum solubility levels can be stored for a wide range of reagents invarious solvents, and at various pH and temperature values. Solutionpreparation protocols can take into account appropriate solvent levelsin accordance with the solid's solubility at present conditions. Thesolubilization can be monitored, for example by following turbidity ofthe solution, and subsequent steps, such as switching to less favorableconditions for solubility can be timed upon sufficient solubilization ofthe solid. Various solution preparation parameters, such as turbidity,connectivity, pH, temperature, can be collected and can be assessed overtime. Thus, optimal time intervals for various steps in the solutionpreparation protocols can be refined from collected data during solutionpreparation. Key information regarding the behavior of a given reagentin a solution can be linked to the reagent and can be stored eitherlocally or remotely.

In various embodiments, a controllable solids port is operably linked tothe solution dispenser. The solids port can enable the automation of thesolution creation. In some embodiments, some or all types of solids,e.g. crystalline, loose powder, clumpy powder etc., are handled withoutuser intervention. Difficulties involving the manipulation, transfer andweighing of solids of sticky, clumpy, crystalline, or otherwise coarsesolids can be resolved according to the methods and systems describedherein. For example, a dosing screw can facilitate removal of a stickysolid from the dosing mechanism. Tubing may be shaped to preventdispensed solids from attaching to an inner surface of the tube and/orbe electrostatically charged or coated with a non-stick material torepel dispensed solids. Proper transfer of solids can play a veryimportant role in the accuracy of the total amount of solids in theprepared solution. Systems and methods of the invention described hereincomprise measures to reduce reagent losses in transfer and increase theaccuracy of the composition of the prepared solution.

The controllable solids port can comprise a solids dispensing system.The solids dispensing system can engage with a solids dosing mechanismfor controllably dispensing a dosed amount of a solid from a solidsource. In some embodiments, the solids dispensing system comprises adosing mechanism driver. The dosing mechanism driver can be in moveableconfiguration in and out of engagement with the solids dosing mechanism.When engaged, the solids dosing mechanism can be designed to be drivento dispense a dosed amount of the solid by the dosing mechanism driver.

The solution dispensing system may comprise a moveable tube extendingfrom an inlet of the mixing chamber towards the solid dosing mechanism.An inlet of the tube can be configured for receiving solids dispensedfrom a solid source. An outlet coupled to the inlet of the mixingchamber can be configured to allow solids received from the solid sourceto pass therethrough. The moveable tube can be moveable in and out ofengagement with the solids dosing mechanism. When engaged, the tube mayform a path between the solid dispensing mechanism and the mixingchamber through which solids are allowed pass. The tube may be shaped toprevent dispensed solids from attaching to an inner surface of the tube.A wall of the tube may be electrostatically charged or coated with anon-stick material to repel dispensed solids. A dedicated water systemcan be added to clean the solids off the surfaces.

In some embodiments, the solids dosing mechanism comprises one or moreinlets for receiving a solid. In some embodiments, the solids dosingmechanism comprises one or more dosing screws. The dosing screw may berotatable about its longitudinal axis for carrying the received solid.In some embodiments, the solids dosing mechanism comprises one or morerotatable bases coupled to one or more dosing screws. The rotatable basemay be rotatable in cooperation with the dosing screw. In someembodiments, the solids dosing mechanism comprises one or more outletsfor receiving the carried solids from the dosing screw. When rotatedabout its longitudinal axis, the dosing screw can be configured to carrya received solid from the inlet to the outlet. The dosing screw androtatable base can be configured to be movable along the longitudinalaxis of the dosing screw between an open position in which the outlet isopen, and a closed position in which the outlet is closed. The dosingscrew and rotatable base can be configured to be coupled to a gear gatefor driving the dosing screw and rotatable base. The gear gate can bedrivable by the dosing mechanism driver.

In some embodiments, the dosing screw and the gear gate are directlycoupled. A conical surface on the screw can mate with a matching surfaceon an adaptor part, which can seal the solid bottle. The gear gate canbe engaged and pushed up facilitating opening.

The dosing screw and rotatable base may be designed to be biased in theclosed position. Such a configuration enables solid sources comprisingthe dosing mechanism to be removed from the system without solidscontained within a solid source spilling out. In some embodiments, thecontroller is configured to determine a weight of a dosed amount ofsolid dispensed from a solid source dependent on a time and rate atwhich the solid dosing mechanism is driven. The solid source may be acontainer containing a solid to be dispensed. In some embodiments, thesolid dosing mechanism is designed to couple with the container. Theautomated solution dispenser may comprise one or more containers. Thecontainer may be designed to couple with a solid dosing mechanism. Theone or more containers may be controllably moveable between a dispensingposition in which a container is aligned with the controllable inletport to enable dispensing of a contained solid, and a storage positionin which the container is not aligned with the controllable inlet port.In some embodiments, the one or more containers are disposed on aturntable having an axis of rotation such that the containers aremovable between the dispensing and storage positions. In someembodiments, a conveyor belt moves containers between various positions.

In various embodiments, the input sensor comprises a weighing deviceconfigured to determine a loss in weight of the container upondispensing of a solid into the mixing chamber from the container, andwherein the controller is configured to controllably supply the solid tothe mixing chamber until a target weight of the solid is reached basedon the determined loss in weight of the container. In some embodiments,the input sensor comprises a solids weighing device for receiving,weighing and dispensing a dispensed solid from the solids dosingmechanism into the mixing chamber. The solids weighing device maycomprise a moveable receptacle for receiving the dispensed solid, aweighing device coupled to the moveable receptacle for weighing thedispensed solid, and/or a dispensing mechanism for dispensing theweighed solid into the mixing chamber. In some embodiments, the weighingdevice comprises a load cell or a force compensated electromagnet.

The dispensing mechanism may be configured to move the receptacle to areceiving position when receiving a solid to be weighed from the soliddosing mechanism. In some embodiments, the dispensing mechanism isconfigured to move the receptacle to a dispense position when theweighed solid is to be dispensed into the mixing chamber.

In some embodiments, the input sensor comprises a weighing deviceconfigured to determine a gain in weight of the mixing chamber uponreceipt of a solid into the mixing chamber from a solid source.Accordingly, the controller can be configured to controllably supply thesolid to the mixing chamber until a target weight of the solid isreached based on the determined gain in weight of the mixing chamber.

In some embodiments, the input sensor comprises a solution sensor forsensing one or more characteristics of the solution. Accordingly, thecontroller can be configured to controllably supply the solid to themixing chamber until a target characteristic of the solution isdetected.

Referring to FIG. 4, an embodiment of a SHS 10 is illustrated,comprising a Solids Turn-Table (STT) or equivalent 401, a table drivingmechanism 402, a solids container 12, a Solids Dosing Mechanism (SDM)405, a Solid Delivery System (SDS) 404, a Dosing Mechanism Driver (DMD)406, a Solids Weighing Scale (SWS) 407 and support bearings 408.Accordingly, solids of various forms can be handled, including solids incrystalline form, loose powder and clumpy powder forms. The solids canbe held in the solid container 12. The solids container can be acustom/purpose made container, the original solids container, or anyother suitable container known in the art. Specialized containers can besupplied for use with the automated solution dispenser. In someembodiments, reagents can be purchased and delivered in specializedcontainers for the automated solution dispenser. Each container can havea SDM 405 mounted on the bottom of the container. The containers can belocated on a STT 401 or equivalent device that enables the desiredsolids container to be aligned with a desired central mixing chamber's(CMC) solids inlet. Once the container is in position, the SDS 404 canrise up and engage the SDM 405. In the process, the DMD 406 can beconnected to the SDM 405. The DMD 406 can drive the SDM 405 and dose thesolids in controlled amounts. The solids can be dispensed onto the SWS407, which can be located directly underneath the SDM. Once the rightamount (mass) is dispensed, the SWS can deliver the solids into the CMC.

The SWS can be incorporated into the various aspects of the solidhandling. For example it can be designed to measure the decreasingweight of the solid's container.

Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, an embodiment of the STT for the SHS isillustrated. The STT can be a turn table 501 with the containers 12attached at the circumference. The containers 12 can be held in placewith a clip 601, slotted in place 504, suspended of the table, or theycan be attached using any other suitable method used in the art. Theturn table 501 can supported on thrust bearing 502 or equivalent. Theturn table 501 can be rotated by a motor 503, which can be mounted onthe central axis.

In some embodiments, a conveyor system is implemented to fit morebottles in the same foot print area. The turn table can be also bedriven indirectly by a belt system. Referring to FIG. 7A, an embodimentof the SDM is illustrated. Accordingly, the SDM comprises an adapterpiece 702. The adapter piece can be designed to screw on to thecontainer 12 that holds the solids. The rotating base 703 can bedesigned to fit within the adapter 702. The base can be configured tohold the dosing screw 704. The rotating base 703 with the dosing screw704 can be designed to be able to freely rotate around the adaptor. Thegear gate 706 can be designed with a slotted groove that fits on therotating base 703, allowing the gear gate to move up and down. Thesprings 705 can be configured to hold the gear gate in the closedposition (for example downward). The gear gate can be opened when theSDS engages the SDM. The gear gate 706 has a set of gears on the outerdiameter for the DMD with and through which rotational drive and controlcan be provided. FIG. 7B illustrates another embodiment of the SDM withparts 701-706. Accordingly, the dosing screw and the gear gate directlycoupled. A conical surface on the screw can mate with a matching surfaceon the adaptor part, which can seal the solid bottle. It can be openedwhen the engage the gear gate is engaged and pushed up. FIG. 7Billustrates an SDM outlet 707.

The gear gate 706 may serve various purposes including but not limitedto providing rotational drive and control to the rotating base 703 andthe dosing screw 704 and closing the container and internal workings ofthe SDM when the container is not engaged, thus allowing the containerto be stored with solids in any position without leaking any solids.

When the dosing screw 704 is rotating, the exposed screw may beconfigured to grab onto the solids and carry the solid into the closedsection of the screw. Once solid reaches the bottom of the screw, it canbe free to fall out of the screw and out though the open gate. If thesolid sticks to the screw, the motion of the solids above may push thestuck solid out. In some embodiments, a multi-variable flow-throughscrew that can be selected by controlling the height of the gear gate isincorporated.

Referring to FIGS. 8A and 8B, the DMD 406 may comprise a delivery tube801, which can house the SWS 407. A gear cog 803 can be placed on top ofthe delivery tube. The gear cog 803 can be positioned to mate with thegear gate 706 and the gears can be designed to be self-aligning. Thegear cog can be driven by a motor (e.g. stepper, DC, etc.) via a gear,belt or equivalent. A lead screw can be mounted on the tube platform 802can drive the tube up and down. A linear guide (with bearing) 805 can beutilized to ensure that assembly moves up and down smoothly.Alternatively, the threaded section of the tube 815 can form part of thelifting system. A lead gear 816 can engage the tube threads 815 and canbe driven by a driving cog under the drive of a motor 817. This drivingcog can rotate the lead gear 816, which in turn can drive the tube 801up or down via the tube threads 815.

In some embodiments, the SWS comprises a weight dish 808, which isattached to one or more weight sensors 809 such as one on each side, forexample one being mounted on bearing 806, the other being mounted on amotor 810. The motor 810 may be configured to rotate the whole SWS,dispensing the solid into the CMC. In some embodiments, the weightsensor can be housed in a rotating case 820. The casing can have arotating axis 821, which can rotate the weight dish, sensor and case.This rotation can be driven by a motor, solenoid or equivalent. The axis821 can be left hollow for the weight sensor 809 wires. A barrier 822can be placed to protect the sensor from liquid and solid ingress on asuitable surface. The barrier can be designed to not restrict themovement of the dish or hold any load.

Solids might have the tendency to attach themselves to the tube 801walls. The tube shape can be designed to eliminate or minimize thisissue. Other solutions include, but are not limited to lining the tubewith a passive/active electrostatic barrier, non-stick paint ormaterial, etc. In various embodiments, the inside of the tube 801 up toand including the SWS can be cleaned by the spray nozzle during acleaning cycle. Tube designs may consider solid attachment tendenciesand ease of cleaning together.

In some embodiments, other linear actuator systems can be used insteadof the lead screw, to raise the platform.

FIG. 9 illustrates the DMD according to some embodiments of theinvention. Accordingly, the DMD consists of a gear cog 906 mounted on amotor 905. The gear cog 906 can be designed to mate with the gear gate706. The gears can be designed to be self-aligning. The DMD can bemounted on the raising platform 904 of the SDS. The platform 904 can beraised by a lead screw assembly. This assembly may consist of a screwnut 902 attached to the platform 904, which is set on the lead screw901. The lead screw can be rotated by the motor 903 that either rises orlowers the platform, which in turn either engages or disengages the SDM.

Referring to FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B, accurate dosing and application canbe achieved using the SWS 407, in another example. The SWS can measuresolids dosed from a selected container 12. In various embodiments, theSWS consists weighting dish 808, a scales mechanism 1002, 1013 (forexample a load cell or force compensated electromagnet) and a flippingmechanism 1003. The flipping mechanism 1003 can be either independent(dedicated driver) or the dependent 1013 (a set of guides or mechanicallinkages) of the raising platform 904. The SWS can move up and down, forexample along the axis of the CMC's solid's inlet, and in the processcan rotate so that the weighting dish 808 is facing upwards to receivethe solids from the SDM at the up position. The weight dish 808 mayrotate when it moves down allowing the solids in the weighing dish to bedeposited into the CMC. Subsequently, the dish may be able to close theCMC's solid inlet.

In some embodiments of the invention further comprise electrostaticallycharged surfaces or non-stick coatings adapted to prevent solid andliquid solution components from sticking to various surfaces. Suchelectrostatically charged surfaces and/or non-stick coatings areespecially useful for the Solid Handling System and the Central MixingChamber, any portion of which may comprise such electrostaticallycharged surfaces and/or non-stick coatings. For example, portions of theSDS, SDM, controllable solids port, SWS, delivery tube, any weighingdevice or any sensor, the CMC, or LHS may comprise electrostaticallycharged surfaces or non-stick coatings. This list of examples is notintended to be limiting

FIGS. 11 and 12 illustrate the solids handling components of anautomated solution dispenser according to an embodiment of theinvention. As mentioned above, the automated solution dispensersaccording to various embodiments are designed to dose multiple solidswith varying properties, such as crystalline, fine powder, clumpypowder, etc. In some embodiments, the solids are loaded into a bottlethat can be mounted on a carousel or turntable. The carousel orturntable can be replaced by or used in conjunction with a conveyorsystem. Bottles can be equipped with a dosing screw. Dosing screws,according to various embodiments, may vary according to the type of thesolids. Dosing screw properties may depend on dosing requirements andsolid properties. For example, the dosing screw's surface properties,pitch and/or radius can be adjusted according to solid requirements,such as coarseness/grain size, amount to be weighed, stickiness, etc.

In various embodiments, a gear gate can be utilized for example to sealthe bottle/solid container. The gear gate may engage with thebottle/container by keeping it closed with a spring, gravity, magneticinteraction, or any other suitable method known in the art. The geargate may be opened by engaging an engagement platform, for example via alead screw or equivalent mechanism. The gear gate can be driven by astepper motor, for example via a belt, to dose the solid.

The solids are dosed onto “scale dish”, in various embodiments. The dishcan be mounted on one or more load cells that calculate the amountdosed. In some cases, two load cells are utilized. In some embodiments,once the correct amount of solid is dosed, a motor tips the scale dish,and optionally the load cell(s) and deposits the dosed solid into theCMC. A water jet, or any other suitable cleaning apparatus known in theart, can be utilized to clean the “scale dish” of any solids. Cleaningcan further ensure that all the solids go into the CMC. In someembodiments, solids are transferred without the use of cleaningapparatus, such as the cleaning water jet. In some embodiments, thescale dish is rotated, while keeping the load cell(s) static(non-rotating).

In various embodiments, there is no limit to the number of solids thatcan be dosed into the CMC. A common measuring system, such as the systemcomprising load cell(s) measuring the solid weight as described above,can be utilized to handle a variety of solids. The dosing screw dosingsolids from the bottle/container can be adaptive to have an accuratedosing system with a variety of solids. Parameters, such as the solid'sgrain size, density, total amount to be measured, precision, orstickiness can be taken into account to select an optimized dosing screwfor each application. Accordingly, two different dosing screws can beutilized to measure the same solid, depending on the application.

In some embodiments, two pins align the bottle with an engagementplatform. A bottle vibrator can engage with the bottle/container viathis setup. The bottle vibrator can be utilized to loosen clumps ofsolids inside containers.

In some embodiments, the speed of dosing may be varied at differentstages of dosing. A stepper motor or a suitable equivalent known in theart can be used to power dosing. The speed can be adjusted, regularly oras otherwise necessary. In some embodiments, the dosing is slowed downtowards the end. Dosing can be slowed down gradually or in one ormultiple steps. For example, to accomplish a 10 g dosing, the solid canbe dispensed at max speed until perhaps 8.5 g. Dosing can then be sloweddown until at 9.9 g, after which the dosing can be slowed down further.The variable speed allows the solid dosing be performed at a relativelyhigh speed for the majority of the dosing, while the slower dosing inthe end allows for equilibration of the scale(s), as well as forexecuting dosing stop commands at a precise timing. During theequilibration stage for the scale(s) (load cell(s)) can stabilize,accounting for environmental factors, such as particle impacts, generalmovement in the room, air conditioning or any other environmentaldisturbance, allowing for an accurate reading. In various embodiments,the system is capable of calculating the flow throughput, and optimizingthe number of rotations needed for the next dosing. Further, the systemmay be capable of noting and/or recording the variations in flowthroughput, density of the material, or any other suitable parametersduring and/or after a dosing. The information can be utilized for theselection of an optimized dosing screw for subsequent applications withthe solid.

Accordingly, in various embodiments, solid can be dosed with a precisionof %, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.01%, 0.005%, or higher precision.In some embodiments, dosing is not slowed down significantly opting forspeed. Any overdosing can be compensated by increasing the other desiredcomponents of the final solution, such as liquids, proportionately.

In various embodiments, the dosing screws have two main variableparameters: the thread pitch and diameter of the inner shaft. Theseparameters can be optimized for varying types of solids and for thedesired throughputs. For example, a screw with a small pitch might findit hard to “grab” clumpy (hygroscopic) solids, while a large pitch screwwill have a hard time controlling the flow of a fine and loose solid.For a further example, a slow throughput screw will take time to dose alarge amount, while a high throughput screw will require a high degreeof control do dose a very small amount of solid.

In some embodiments, a grinder attachment may be utilized in concertwith the dosing screw, for breaking up the solid prior to dosing. Thegrinder may utilize any suitable method of breaking down solids that areknown in the art, for example a peppermill-type mechanism.

The invention, in various embodiments allows for better handling ofhygroscopic solids, since the solids can be kept better away from air.Hygroscopic solids pose an additional concern while dosing, as they mayhave a tendency to stick to bottle walls and not come down though thedosing mechanism. In some embodiments, the dosing screw keeps the solidsloose enough to avoid sticking. In some embodiments, a vibratingmechanism is utilized to loosen the wall bond. Alignment pins on the“solid platform” may be designed to power the vibrating mechanism.

As mentioned before, this system measures the solids dispensed from thesolid containers. In another embodiment of the invention, the solidcontainer is weighed as the solid is being dosed. The automated solutiondispenser may be designed to allow for the variation.

2. Liquid Handling

Liquid Handing System

Liquids constitute a major component of the solutions prepared by theautomated solution dispenser. Thus, various embodiments of the inventionemploy a Liquid Handing System (LHS) in order to accurately deliver aspecified amount of liquid. Various liquid materials handled by the LHSinclude but are not limited to acids and bases at variousconcentrations, water, pH calibration liquids, pH sensor storagesolution, stock solutions (for example: chemicals that are onlyavailable in liquid form) and other liquid components, for example thosethat require to be added in liquid form for safety, dosing accuracy orother restrictions.

The LHS can be equipped to draw liquids from a variety of liquid sources(supplies), including, continuous supply, such as water from the watermains, water from a purifier, internal supply, such as integrated tanks,and external supply, such as storage bottles.

FIG. 13 illustrates components of the LHS according to some embodimentsof the invention. Accordingly, the liquid can be drawn in through, forexample using one or more peristaltic pumps 32. The liquid can befurther pumped in controlled amounts into the CMC. In variousembodiments of the invention, the pump's configuration can be a singlepump per CMC or one pump serving multiple CMCs. In the case of multipleCMCs, the liquid path may be controlled by either a singlevalve/selector or through a series of valves. The pumps can be driven byeither a geared/non-geared stepper motor 1301 and 1304, ageared/non-geared DC motor 1301 and 1304, or a linear driver 1308.

In various embodiments, positive displacement type pumps may beemployed, including but not limited to a single peristaltic pump 1305,multiple channel peristaltic pump 1302 and 1303, syringe pump, orpiston/plunger pump 1307, reciprocating pump, diaphragm pump, screwpump, rotating lobe pump, rotary gear pump, progressive cavity pump,gear pump, hydraulic pump, vane pump, and/or regenerative (peripheral)pump.

The pumps according to the embodiments of the invention can beself-priming, gravity-primed by placing the pump underneath the liquidsource, or the liquid source, such as the water main line, can bepressurized. A dosing valve can be utilized or an alternative method ofdosing specific amounts of liquids can be employed. In some embodiments,the pumps can primed by using software logic, for example rolling back afull tube of a known length known and then bringing it back in. Visualconfirmation may be utilized for priming. Less conservatively, a littleliquid, for example about 1-2 ml, may be wasted, optionally upon askinguser permission, pumping enough volume to be noticeable to levelsensing.

In some embodiments, the liquid sources, pumps, and CMC are allconnected by tubes 1309. The tube material can be selected such that itis suitable for the liquid contained within. The tube connections canvary according to various embodiments, and include, without limitation,sealed and mechanically sealed connections, standard compressionfittings, and barbed fittings. Sealed connections may utilize apermanent adhesive and/or sealant that is resistant to the liquidshandled by the tubing. Mechanical Seals (MS) are illustrated accordingto various embodiments of the invention in FIG. 14. Accordingly, thetube 1401 is set in the tube holder 1402, which can be screwed 1404 ortwist-locked into the base 1405. An o-ring 1403 can ensure that there isno leakage, and can be installed on any tube holder 1402 and base 1405interface. Alternatively, a valve 1406 can be incorporated in the base1405. The valve can be opened by the tube holder 1402. The valve 1406can be closed by a spring 1407 when the tube holder 1402 is removed. Insome embodiments, common/standard fittings are utilized.

In some embodiments, the systems and methods of the invention comprisethe use of an incorporated or auxiliary filtering system. The filteringsystem components may filter liquids before or after the solution stage,for example, the filtering system may filter the solution before it isdispensed and/or bottled.

A water purifier can be incorporated or operably linked to the automatedsolution dispenser. The water purifier may deionize and/or filterfeed/input water to obtain a desired water quality, for example“ultrapure” or Type 1 water as for example laid out by ISO 3696.Purified water is commonly used to prepare liquid solutions and/or cleanmaterials and components used in the preparation process. The additionof a water purification system can be advantageous in an automatedsolution preparation system, reducing the need for multiple pieces oflaboratory equipment and in some cases, fitting multiple functionalitiesin a confined space, eliminating the need of proximity and/orcomplicated connections or in the alternative, manual stocking ofpurified water by the automated solution dispenser.

In some embodiments, a pivot pipe can be utilized to discharge thecontents of the central mixing chamber to the correct station forbottling and/or for flushing. Accordingly, the pivot pipe may beconfigured to switch between at least two stations, a drain station fordispensing the waste from one or more of the cleaning cycles utilizingflush verification system and a bottling station. More stations can beincluded enabling for separating waste or bottling multiple solutions toa plurality of bottles in an automated fashion. Additional stations mayalso allow for pH sensor storage liquid recycling, filtering, filtering,degassing, and analyzing. In some embodiments, stations may incorporatemultiple tasks, such as bottling followed by filtering, degassing,analyzing or any other suitable combination known in the art involvingsolution preparation.

FIG. 15 illustrates the use of a pivot pipe according to someembodiments of the invention. Accordingly, a gear holder 1501 interfaceswith the CMC outlet, with an o-ring 1502 creating a seal preventing theCMC discharge from leaking out. The gear holder 1501 can have two thrustbearings 1503 on the top and bottom of the gear holder 1501, and have abottom plate 1505 that can be bolted 1508 to the top supporting plate1504. The thrust bearing 1503 can be set in grooves ensuring correctpositioning and allowing the gear holder to rotate freely. The gearholder 1501 can have a set of gears on the outer diameter and caninterface with the pivot cog 1506. The pivot cog can be mounted on motor1507 that controls the rotation and position of the gear holder. Acurved rigid pipe 1509 can be attached to the gear holder 1501, and canrotate with it. The liquid from the CMC can flow through the rigid pipe1509 to a selected station. Limit switches can be used to confirm theposition of the rigid pipe 1509 discharge.

In some embodiments, alternative systems, including linear or disposablesystem, enable the correct positioning of a flexible or rigid pipe. Aplug valve design can be used and may eliminate the need of the pivotpipe. The CMC may be sealed with a plug that can be closed with springaction. A bottle carousel may comprise discharge bottles and a drainstation. The engagement of the discharge bottles and/or the drainstation may be configured to open the CMC and discharge the liquidinside.

3. Self-Cleaning

In some embodiments, a controller is configured to control the dispenserto implement a cleaning cycle. The cleaning cycle can comprisecontrolling at least one inlet port to input a cleaning fluid into themixing chamber. The cleaning cycle can also comprise controlling thecontrollable outlet valve to dispense the cleaning fluid. In variousembodiments, the cleaning cycle enables automated batch processing ofsolutions forgoing any user intervention requirement between differentsolutions being made. The cleaning cycle can reduce anycross-contamination between the solutions being created to asubstantially negligible amount suitable for the batch processing of thesolutions. In some embodiment, a cleanliness threshold can be set. Thecleaning cycle can be configured to address a cleanliness threshold. Theconfiguration can be a preset process. Alternatively, the configurationmay comprise iterative application of cleaning cycles and cleanlinessmeasurements.

In some embodiments, the automated solution dispenser comprises acleanliness measuring sensor coupled to a controller. The controller canbe configured to measure cleanliness and do one or more further cleaningcycles in response to the sensed cleanliness of the cleaning fluid aftera cleaning cycle. The cleanliness measuring sensor can enable theautomated cleaning cycle to determine whether or not the cleaning cyclejust performed has been successful or not. If not, the cycle can berepeated until the cleanliness measurement sensor indicates that thecleaning solution is clean enough to indicate that the automatedsolution dispenser is clean. In some embodiments, the cleanlinessmeasuring sensor comprises a conductivity sensor or turbidity sensor.

A cleaning water line may go through the STT to a solid bottle position.The solid tube may engage with a cleaning bottle. A cleaning nozzle maybe used and may be placed in the position of an SDM, altering the SDMset-up for a cleaning set-up. The nozzle can be rotated, for example upto 360° to clean the CMC. The cleaning and/or flushing liquids maycomprise detergent and may be pre-heated. In some embodiments, thecleaning and/or flushing liquids are pre-heated to over 50° C., 60° C.,70° C., 90° C., 95° C., 99° C., or more. In some embodiments, cleaningand/or flushing liquids are supplied at ambient temperature. Detergentconcentrations may be adjusted in a series of dilutions. In someembodiments, the cleaning and/or flushing liquids are devoid ofdetergents.

In some embodiments, at least one input port is coupled to one or morecleaning nozzles arranged to spray received cleaning fluid inside thechamber. At least one input port may be coupled to a spray ballcomprising one or more of nozzles arranged to spray received cleaningfluid inside the chamber. In some embodiments, the mixing chambercomprises a plurality of cleaning nozzles disposed in a wall of themixing chamber, the nozzles being coupled to at least one input port andbeing arranged to spray received cleaning fluid inside the chamber. Theinput may be coupled to a pump for supplying cleaning fluid. The inputmay also be coupled to a detergent source for dispensing detergent intothe cleaning fluid. The detergent source can comprise an injection pump.In some embodiments, the cleaning cycle cleans a flowable path from theinlet port of the mixing chamber through to an output of the outletport. Cleaning each part of the system involved in creating the solutionin turn reduces the risk of cross-contamination between solutionproducing cycles.

In some embodiments, the automated solution dispenser comprises acontrollable drying module coupled to the controller. The controller cancontrol the drying module to implement a drying cycle. The mixingchamber and/or the inlet port can be dried during the drying cycle. Insome embodiments, the controllable drying module comprises a fan or asource of substantially dry air. The drying cycle can prevent dropletsof cleaning fluid left over from the cleaning cycle(s) (or any residualhumidity) from cross-contaminating with, or otherwise affecting, thesolution made after the cleaning cycle. The controller can be furtherconfigured to control the dispenser to implement a cleaning cycle inwhich at least one inlet port is controlled to input a cleaning fluidinto the mixing chamber, and the controllable outlet valve is controlledto dispense the cleaning fluid.

In embodiments comprising the cleaning cycle, the automated solutiondispenser according to the invention further comprises a cleanlinessmeasuring sensor coupled to the controller and wherein said controlleris configured to measure cleanliness and do one or more further cleaningcycles in response to the sensed cleanliness of the cleaning fluid aftera cleaning cycle. Preferably, the cleanliness measuring sensor comprisesa conductivity sensor or turbidity sensor.

In some embodiments, the at least one input is coupled to a pump forsupplying cleaning fluid under pressure. The input may be coupled to adetergent source for dispensing detergent into the cleaning fluid. Thedetergent source may comprise an injection pump.

Thus, in various embodiments, the cleaning cycle cleans a flowable pathfrom the inlet port of the mixing chamber through to an output of theoutlet port. Furthermore, the automated solution dispenser may comprisea controllable drying module coupled to the controller, and wherein thecontroller controls the controllable drying module to implement a dryingcycle to dry the mixing chamber and/or inlet port. The controllabledrying module may comprise a fan or a source of substantially dry air.

Flush and Verification System (FVS)

In some embodiments, a Flush and Verification System (FVS) provides thedevice with an automated system to clean the CMC and the ability toverify the cleanliness of the CMC. This can be achieved by providingpressurized water, with the option of adding detergent to the CMC, andmeasuring the conductivity, or equivalent, of the water leaving the CMCto measure the cleanliness.

FIG. 16 illustrates the FVS according to some embodiments of theinvention. In an illustrative example, the FVS comprises a Hot WaterGenerator with an optional storage (HWGS) 1620, a pressure pump 1650,piping, tubing, and fittings, a cleanliness sensor like conductivitymeter or equivalent 1650, and/or an optional detergent tank 1660 andinjection pump 1661. In some embodiments, the injection pump is placedbefore the tank. In some embodiments, pressurized water can be providedexternally making the pressure pump auxiliary or redundant.

According to various embodiments, the FVS is connected to the watersupply, and can be isolated by using the inlet valve 1610. Accordingly,leakage can be prevented if the supply is accidentally disconnected,without following the draining procedure. In various embodiments, thewater flows into the Hot Water Generator and optional Storage (HWGS)1620. The HWGS can be a custom-made water tank with an installedelectrical heater, or a flow through heater. Depending on the watersupply source specification, it may be possible to replace the HWGS 1620with a flow through heater without storage. In some embodiments,insufficient supply water triggers the hot outlet of the HWGS 1620 to beconnected to the pressure pump 1630 inlet, and the pump outlet to beconnected to the CMC. When the water supply is sufficient, the hotoutlet of the HWGS can be connected to the CMC. The pump 1630 can besized to provide the sufficient pressure and flow to clean the CMC, andmay be chosen to accommodate various CMC sizes and cleaning nozzledesigns. Any suitable pump known in the art can be used. Pumps may bechosen to meet the flow and pressure requirements and to be able tohandle the hot water safely.

In some embodiments, the water from the CMC flows into the drain station1640, which is connected to the drains. In the line, a conductivitysensor 1650, or equivalent, can be mounted to test the cleanliness ofthe water exiting the CMC.

The detergent option 1660 may comprise a detergent source, an injectionpump and a check valve. The option can be implemented by installing acheck valve on the connections between the hot water tank and pressurepump. The detergent can be stored either in an internal tank or anexternal tank/bottle, and can be connected to an injection pump. Theinjection pump can be configured to force the detergent into the waterline between the check valve and the pump. In many cases, the detergentneeds to overcome the water pressure. The check valve can prevent thedetergent from flowing into the hot water tank. The detergent tank andinjection pump can be combined into a syringe that can be replaced by auser once it needs a refill.

4. Sensors

Various sensors can be utilized as components of the automated solutiondispenser. Such sensors may be coupled to or implemented in any varioussystems and components of the automated solution dispenser describedelsewhere in the application. Examples of such systems and componentsinclude but are not limited to, the solids handling system, the liquidhandling system, the bottle handling system, and central mixing chamber.Such sensors are described herein:

-   -   (a) pH sensor: A variety of pH sensors known in the art can be        used in accordance with the invention, including, but not        limited to glass membrane electrodes, pHFETs, metal/metal oxide        pH sensors, liquid membrane electrodes, electrodes modified with        pH-sensitive polymers, potentiometric pH sensors, ion selective        electrodes, fiber optic pH probes, optical and fluorescence pH        sensors, or miniaturized pH sensors.    -   (b) Temperature sensor and control (e.g. by a controlled        immersion heater or heating through the walls of the container):        Any suitable temperature sensor known in the art can be used,        including but not limited to a mercury thermometer, alcohol        thermometer, Beckmann differential thermometer, bi-metal        mechanical thermometer, Coulomb blockade thermometer, liquid        crystal thermometer, phosphor thermometry, pyrometer, quartz        thermometer, thermocoupler, resistance thermometer, or a silicon        bandgap temperature sensor.    -   (c) Level sensor: The level of fluids or fluidized solids can be        measured using level sensors in various embodiments of the        invention. Level sensors can comprise any suitable sensor known        in the art, including, but not limited to ultrasonic or        pulse-wave ultrasonic, capacitance, optical interface microwave,        magnetic and mechanical float, pneumatic, conductive,        magnetostrictive, magneto resistive, resistive chain,        hydrostatic pressure, air bubbler, gamma ray sensors, vibrating        point sensors, admittance-type sensors, and rotating paddle        sensors. In some embodiments, optical, ultrasound or capacitance        sensors are preferred. For example, a light sensor can detect        when the liquid surface hits the target level. Cameras may be        used alongside computer vision computing techniques which allow        the system to visually track various levels of fluids or        fluidized solids.    -   (d) Turbidity sensor: Turbidity can be measured using various        suitable methods known in the art, such as by measuring light        attenuation, absorption, or scattering. Turbidity sensors can be        useful both for following solids going into solution during the        solution preparation process and the completeness of the        cleaning cycles by checking the flushed cleaning fluids. Cameras        may be used alongside computer vision computing techniques which        allow the system to visually monitor turbidity in various        elements of the system.    -   (e) Conductivity sensor: The electrical conductivity of a        solution containing electrolytes can be measured by determining        the resistance of the solution. The resistance can be measured        using a conductivity meter. Flat/cylindrical electrodes or        induction based measurements can be performed. Optionally, the        conductivity measurement can be improved by a temperature        correction. In many cases, conductivity can be used as a direct        or indirect measure of the total dissolved solids. Conductivity        sensors can be useful both for following solids going into        solution during the solution preparation process and the        completeness of the cleaning cycles by checking the flushed        cleaning fluids.    -   (f) Weight sensor: The weight of the solid and liquid        ingredients, as well as final solutions according to the        invention can be determined using any suitable scales, weight        sensors, or load cells known in the art. Mechanical load cells,        including hydraulic and pneumatic load cells, strain gage load        cells, including bending beam, shear beam, and canister load        cells, helical, fiberoptic, and piezoresistive load cells and        force compensated electromagnets are within the scope of the        invention.    -   (g) Cleanliness sensor: In various embodiments, a conductivity        and or turbidity sensor can be utilized to obtain a cleanliness        readout, e.g. by monitoring the conductivity of the CMC        discharge.

5. Central Mixing Chamber

One or more central mixing chambers (CMCs) can be incorporated to thesystems and methods of the invention for collecting, mixing anddispensing liquids and/or solids. Additionally, CMCs allow for the pHand temperature adjustment of solutions or solution components in theCMC, optionally with the help of the Liquid Handling System (LHS) and/orthe Solid Handling System (SHS). Contents of the CMC may be dischargedinto waste or a container/bottle, for example using a Pivot Pipe System(PPS), or a plug valve system. In some embodiments, the mixing chambermay comprise a beaker with or without a bottom valve. The beaker may betipped, for example by a robot, to pour the solution to a bottle. Thebeaker may be removed and can be replaced with a second clean beaker.Alternatively, the beaker may be replaced after cleaning. In someembodiments, the mixing chamber comprises a bottle. The bottle may beremoved for the delivery of the prepared solution. Systems and methodsof the invention allow for the cleaning of CMCs for use with multiplesolution orders.

In various embodiments, the CMCs comprise one or more of a mixingchamber, a liquid inlet, a solid inlet, a pH sensor, a temperaturesensor, a temperature controller, for example comprising an immersionheater and/or a cooler, a stirrer/agitator, for example a magnetic stirbar driven by an external rotating magnetic field, a liquid levelsensor, for example an ultrasound level sensor, a turbidity sensor, anda controlled outlet.

Referring to FIG. 17, an exemplary overview of a CMC is illustrated.Accordingly, the liquid 1701 and solid inlets 1702 are located in thetop section of the CMC, where each liquid has its own inlet 1701. Thesolids can have a common inlet port 1702. Some or all of the liquidinlets can be mounted on a manifold 1715 that is attached to the topsection to the CMC. The manifold can be removable for ease of replacingthe liquid tube.

In some embodiments, the liquid tubes can be equipped to use a nozzle(needles) allowing control of the size of liquid drops that enter theCMC at a time and increasing the accuracy of the liquid dosing. Theliquid inlet can hold the liquid tube in place and when necessary canhave a sealed connection, for example with a sealant, a mechanical seal,or any other suitable sealing connection known in the art.

In some embodiments, the mechanical seal is in the form of a threadedconnection with o-ring seals, or as a compression fitting. The liquidinlet can be either let directly into the CMC or through a nozzle.

In some embodiments, a cleaning nozzle ring is located in the topsection of the CMC, and surrounds the common solid inlet. The cleaningnozzle provides the cleaning and flushing liquid to clean the CMCbetween each solution creation. All exposed internal surfaces of the CMCare cleaned to prevent cross contamination between sequentialpreparations of solutions. A nozzle can be a hollow ring that has spraynozzles on the inside (directed towards the solid inlet) and/or on theoutside (directed towards the exposed internal CMC surface) throughwhich pressurized water, e.g. hot water is delivered to all the CMCsurfaces.

In some embodiments, the solid inlet and cleaning nozzle are separated,and use a spray ball nozzle, for example a static or dynamic spray ballnozzle. The cleaning nozzle can be incorporated into the CMC wall, sothat the nozzle centre becomes the solid's inlet and could also reachthe liquid inlets.

The bottom of the CMC may comprise the Valve & Outlet section theinstrumentation/sensor section below it, and/or the stirrer/agitatorsection on the bottom. It is possible to swap sections for alternativeconfigurations. The Valve & Outlet section may comprise a spring closedvalve 1703 & 1705. The valve 1703, when in the closed position, can holdthe liquid solution within the CMC. When the valve is open the liquidcan be directed through the outlet to the drain, to the Bottle HandingSystem (BHS), or to a Filtering System (FS) of the device. With the plugvalve design, the plug can be opened directly or indirectly by a linearactuator, e.g. a solenoid. The valve is opened when either the bottle ordrain connection pushes against the stem 1706. This pushed the plug up,against the spring 1705. When the bottle or drain connection disconnectsthe spring ensures that the valve close and seals the CMC.

The volume of the solution in the CMC can be measured by a level sensor1712. The level/volume of the CMC can be mathematically determined. Theinstrumentation section 1710 may allow a pH sensor 1713 to penetrate theCMC wall, which may be sealed either with a sealant or a mechanicalseal. This section can also house a temperature sensor 1714 and can bedesigned with room for any additional sensors, such as other sensorsmentioned in this application. The instruments can be located below orabove the stirrer section, preventing instrumentation from possibledamage from the rotating stirrer 1707. The mechanical seal can be in theform of a threaded connection with o-rings or a compression fitting.

The stirrer can comprise of two parts, an external driver 1708 and 1709and the internal stirrer 1707. The internal stirrer can be a magneticbar, or any other suitable stirrer known in the art, located within theCMC. The external driver 1708 and 1709 can be located outside of the CMCand can provide a rotating magnetic field, for example a rotatingmagnetic field around the CMC's centerline. The magnetic field interactcan with the internal stirrer's permanent magnetic field, causing it torotate about the CMC. An example of the external driver, as shown in thedrawings, is a set of synchronized electromagnets that are timed toinduce a rotating electromagnetic field. In some embodiments, one ormore magnets can be rotated the magnets to generate the stirring effect.

In some embodiments, one or more magnets are mounted on a bearing or arace-rail that can be rotated, for example around the CMC's centerlineusing a motor or other suitable actuator and a coupling known in theart, for example a belt, gear, etc. A heating and cooling arrangementcan be implemented to control the temperature of the solutions beingcreated (FIG. 17-11).

The material selected for the CMC and all the wetted surfaces can bechosen to be compatible with the range of chemicals being handled, forexample glass or PET. The CMC can be sized to hold the maximum desiredliquid solution volume plus any additional space required to enableuniform mixing, for example the total CMC volume can be 1.25 times themaximum desired liquid solution volume.

The CMC components can comprise various degrees of integration. Forexample the valve and/or the cleaning nozzle can be either integratedinto the CMC body or be a separate component.

An alternative to the cleaning nozzle is to seal the CMC and flood/flushthe CMC repeatedly until clean.

In some embodiments, load cells can be mounted on the legs to measurethe weight of the CMC and solution. Alternatively, the CMC can bemounted on a canter lever with integrated load-cells and/or straingauges. It is further possible to mount all the legs on a singleload-cell/scale.

6. User Interface

The systems and methods of the invention allow for the use of userinterfaces facilitating the interaction of users with the computersystems described herein.

In various embodiments, direct manipulation interfaces allow users tomanipulate objects presented to them, using actions that correspond atleast loosely to the physical world. Graphical user interfaces (GUI)that accept input via devices such as computer keyboard and mouse andprovide articulated graphical output on the computer monitor, includingbut not limited to object-oriented user interfaces (OOUIs) andapplication oriented interfaces are commonly used and are well suitedfor various embodiments of the invention. Smaller mobile devices such asPDAs and smart phones may typically use the WIMP (“window, icon, menu,pointing device”) elements with post-WIMP environments, utilizing spaceconstraints and the availability of input devices. Further examples ofsuitable user interfaces include:

-   -   Web-based user interfaces or web user interfaces (WUI) that        accept input and provide output by generating webpages, which        are transmitted via the Internet and viewed by the user using a        web browser program, for example those that utilize Java, Ajax,        Adobe Flex, Microsoft .NET, or similar technologies to provide        real-time control in a separate program, eliminating the need to        refresh a traditional HTML based web browser;    -   Touch screen displays that accept input by touch of fingers or a        stylus, including those that are used as a combined input output        device;    -   Command line interfaces, where the user provides the input by        typing a command string with the computer keyboard and the        system provides output by printing text on the computer monitor;    -   Conversational Interface Agents that personify the computer        interface in the form of an animated person, robot, or other        character and present interactions in a conversational form;    -   Crossing-based interfaces, in which the primary input task        consists in crossing boundaries;    -   Gesture interfaces, which accept input in a form of hand        gestures, or mouse gestures sketched with a computer mouse or a        stylus;    -   Motion tracking interfaces that monitor the user's body motions        and translate them into commands;    -   Multi-screen interfaces, which employ multiple displays to        provide a more flexible interaction;    -   Text user interfaces, which output text, but accept other form        of input in addition to or in place of typed command strings;    -   Voice user interfaces, which accept input and provide output by        generating voice prompts and accepting verbal input;    -   Natural-Language interfaces, which can be used for search        engines and on webpages and wherein a user can type in a        question and wait for a response;    -   Zooming user interfaces, in which information objects are        represented at different levels of scale and detail, and where        the user can change the scale of the viewed area in order to        show more detail.

7. Sequential Processing/Prioritizing/Tracking of Orders

Various embodiments of the invention relate to sequential processing orprioritizing of solution orders. For example, orders can be submittedwith a timing limitation, such as within 3 hrs, by 5 pm, on Monday, at10 am, between 1-5 am etc. The software running the hardware canaccordingly prioritize the orders to maximize fulfillment of timingrequests. In some embodiments, orders can be submitted with a prioritystamp. Orders can also be manually reordered by an authorized user. Insome embodiments, users can be given VIP status of optionally varyingdegrees. Accordingly, the orders can be prioritized based on the statusof the submitting users.

Users may be informed about the status of the solution preparationprocess or other processes controlled by the control system. Forexample, users may receive one or more updates comprising informationabout the solution preparation they ordered. For another example, usersmay receive updates from any secondary laboratory instruments that arenetworked to the control system of the automated solution dispenser.Updates about the automated solution dispenser and/or secondarylaboratory instruments may be sent via email, SMS application, RSS feedor any other suitable communication method known in the art.

8. Bottle Handling

The systems and methods of the invention, in various embodiments, allowfor an automated recognition system for bottles/containers, includingconsumable bottles and solution bottles. A bottle handling system (BHS),as exemplified in FIG. 18A and FIG. 18B can ensure that the right bottleis placed in the right position of the bottling station. In manyembodiments, the BHS also has the Bottle Labeling system that marks thebottles with the necessary information.

In various embodiments, a Bottle Labeling System provides labels thatcan be attached to the solution bottles. Alternatively, the labels canbe automatically applied to the bottles or the information can beapplied directly to the bottle, for example using an ink-jet.

The bottle labeling can be accomplished in any suitable method known inthe art, including, but not limited to optical machine-readablerepresentations of data and RFID systems. Generally, a label comprisescoded identification information. Simple examples of barcodes can varywidths and spacings of parallel lines—also known as linear orone-dimensional barcodes. Two dimensional or matrix barcodes can involvethe use of rectangles, dots, hexagons and/or other geometric patterns.Examples of commonly used barcodes include, but are not limited toGTIN-12, EAN-13 (GTIN-13), Code 93, Code128, Codablock, PDF417, DataMatrix 2D, Aztec Code, EZcode, High Capacity Color Barcode, DataGlyphs,QR Code, MaxiCode, and ShotCode. In some embodiments, the bottlelabeling is achieved by radio-frequency identification (RFID). Tagsutilizing various mechanisms can be attached to containers. Somesuitable tags require no battery and can be powered by theelectromagnetic fields used to read them. A radio-frequencyelectromagnetic coil can modulate an external magnetic fieldtransferring coded identification information when queried by a readerdevice. Alternatively, a local power source may allow the tags to emitradio waves. The identification information may comprise one or more ofa unique tag serial number, a stock number, lot number, batch number,production date, expiration date, material safety data sheet (MSDS)information, or any other suitable information known in the art.

Barcode readers that are suited for optical recognition of barcodes arecommonly built from a light and a photosensor. Barcodes can bephysically moved across a barcode scanner to aid in reading the barcode.Barcode readers may be incorporated or operably linked to primarycomputer systems operating the automated solution dispenser. In someembodiments, auxiliary computer systems, e.g. hand-held mobile devices,may be linked to a barcode reader. The barcode read-out can betransmitted to other computers linked in a network. QR codes read by acamera akin to systems available on mobile phones (is what we use).Reading this QR code may result in a unique ID that can be used toeither retrieve all the solution data or to replicate it. This can beuseful for sharing solution data between multiple users. One user maypermit another user to access solution data via the unique ID andnetworked automated solution dispensers. This would allow the other userat to duplicate a given solution created by the first user (with properpermissions) at a different laboratory from the first user's. Forexample a researcher at first location (such as Oxford University) mayshare a solution via the unique ID with another researcher at a secondlocation that is far away (such as Stanford University).

Two-way radio transmitter-receivers, often known as interrogators orreaders can send a signal to an RFID tag and read the tag's response.The RFID reader can transmit the observation to the primary computersystems operating the automated solution dispenser or auxiliary computersystems. The RFID read-out can be transmitted to other computers linkedin a network. In some embodiments, one or more computer systems in thenetwork run an RFID software or middleware.

There are various options for the bottle handling, ranging from a singlebottle station to a fully automated system. In various embodiments, abottle handling system comprises a bottle position/location, a positionverification module, and/or a bottle type (no bottle, empty bottle, fullbottle) verification module. In some embodiments, BHS comprises anRFID/Barcode reader and bottle storage.

In various embodiments, bottle/containers 1801 are placed in one or moreholders 1802 that may be placed in the bottle carousel 1805. Thecarousel can contain multiple bottles and a drain connection 1803. Adrive mechanism, for example one that is belt driven, 1806 may beconfigured to rotate the carousel and open its bearings 1804 to deliverthe right outlet to the discharge position. The bottle or drainconnection can be pushed up by the engage mechanism 1809. The weight ofthe bottle may be configured to bring the engage mechanism down, whenthe engage mechanism disengages. In case of the drain connection, aspring 1807 may be configured to push the bottle or engage mechanismdown. The bottle/container may be passed along a reader 1804, forexample a barcode reader or an RFID reader, which is equipped to verifythe solution that goes into the bottle. The bottle holder 1802 can bereplaced, allowing for the carousel to accept different size bottles.Various sensors can be utilized to determine the position of thecarousel. The bottles can have an inline filter that connects to avacuum system when the engagement mechanism 1809 engages the bottle withthe CMC, allowing the discharged solution to be vacuum-filtered.

At the filling station, the position of the bottle is verified invarious embodiments. The system can be configured such that engagementis prevented in the absence of a bottle or drain connection. Further,the bottles can be checked for any contents and empty bottles can beverified. In some embodiments, confirmation of the empty bottle leads togranting permission to the automated solution dispenser or the computersystem operating it to fill the bottle with a new solution. Safetyprecautions may be implemented to prevent discharge from the CMC in theabsence of a bottle or drain connection.

A bottom carousel or container belt may open upon listing a desiredbottle. The bottle may pass through a hole in the carousel or belt. Thebottles may be placed in the right spot right now in a similar fashionto a CD changer being transferred on a bottle carrier. In someembodiments, bottles can be placed manually, either exclusively or inaddition to automated bottle handling. Labels can be entered manually orusing the automated labeling methods described herein.

9. Mixing Methods

In various embodiments, the automated solution dispenser preparessolutions using one or more of the following steps:

-   -   i. Flush and verify cleanliness of CMC.    -   ii. Dose the solution components: Solution components can be        dosed in series or in parallel. In many cases, components        include, but are not limited to water, any components available        as stock solutions, solids, e.g. fine powders, clumpy powders,        crystalline solids, liquids, e.g. acids, bases organic liquids.        Water can be dosed so that once dosing is complete, an estimated        70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or more of the end volume has been filled. In        some embodiments, larger volumes are required or preferred, for        example for chemical reasons, e.g. solubility limits of solution        components.    -   iii. Stir: Solution may be stirred intermittently or during the        entire period. Stirring may be stopped once the dosing of one or        more components is completed or once one or more components are        determined to be sufficiently or completely dissolved. Magnetic        stirrers or any other suitable known in the art can be utilized.    -   iv. Fill up to 95%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, or 99.9% of the final        volume. The correct ratio of liquid components may be        maintained.    -   v. Adjust pH: pH adjustment can be accomplished by titrating        with liquid or solid components until a target pH is reached.        Solution may be stirred during the pH adjustment.    -   vi. Top off the solution to 100% of final volume while        maintaining the correct ratio of liquid components.    -   vii. Transfer the solution: The solution may be prepared in a        solution chamber (i.e. the central mixing chamber) and upon        completion of the solution preparation, transferred into an        output container, such as a bottle or other container.    -   viii. Print a label for the container: The output container may        be labeled using any of the bottle labeling methods described        herein or any other suitable method known in the art. The label        may include sufficient information about the contents of the        bottle, such as the composition and pH of the solution, the        preparation date, an expiration date, batch and lot information        for the components, MSDS data, user name, or any other desired        information.    -   ix. Store information about the solution preparation: Key        parameters regarding solution preparation collected during the        solution preparation process may be stored in the primary        computer system operably linked to the automated solution        dispenser or in any other networked computer system. The stored        parameters may include information regarding the temperature,        turbidity, conductivity, pH, and/or time during the different        stages of the solution preparation. Parameters from multiple        preparations of the same or similar solutions can be compiled to        optimize solution preparation for a single solution or a family        of similar solutions.    -   x. Final cleaning cycle: Clean the CMC in preparation for a new        solution.

In some embodiments, a pH sensor or pH-meter is permanently stored inthe CMC. A premade storing solution can be pumped into the CMC to safelystore the pH sensor/meter. Before a new solution is made, the CMC andthe pH sensor/meter can be drained and cleaned. In some embodiments,suitable pH instruments are stored in a dry environment.

A pH calibration step may be performed in previously indicated intervalsor as desired. Laboratory accepted standard solutions may be used for pHcalibration. A spot check calibration may utilize one verified pHsolution to check the calibration at a single reading. A completecalibration may utilize two or more verified pH solutions to calibratethe pH sensor/meter.

In some embodiments, the final volume can be adjusted during or afterthe dosing of one or more components. For example, a hard to dose solidmay be dosed within a permitted range from the original specification,such as 90-110%, 95-105%, 98-102%, 99-101% of the original amount. Thefinal volume of the solution and the amounts of additional solids andliquids can be proportionally adjusted. Solid dosing within a smallrange of a specified amount can take a longer time, as dosing may beslowed down to allow for small additions of solids, increasinglyapproaching a target amount. Final volume adjustments of solutions basedon approximate dosed amounts of solids within a certain range of atarget value would allow for increased speed and efficiency in preparingsolutions. In some embodiments, solids that are harder to dose are dosedwithin a permitted range from the original specification, such as90-110%, 95-105%, 98-102%, 99-101% of the original amount, followed bythe dosing of solids that are easier to dose proportionally adjustedaccording to the actual dosed amount of the first solid.

10. Computer Systems

The computer system 1900 illustrated in FIG. 19 may be understood as alogical apparatus that can read instructions from media 1911 and/or anetwork port 505, which can optionally be connected to server 1909having fixed media 1912. The system, such as shown in FIG. 19 caninclude a CPU 1901, disk drives 1903, optional input devices such askeyboard 1915 and/or mouse 1916 and optional monitor 1907. Datacommunication can be achieved through the indicated communication medium1925 to a server at a local or a remote location. The communicationmedium 1925 can include any means of transmitting and/or receiving data.For example, the communication medium 1925 can be a network connection,a wireless connection or an internet connection. Such a connection canprovide for communication over the World Wide Web. It is envisioned thatdata relating to the present disclosure can be transmitted over suchnetworks or connections for reception and/or review by a party 1922 asillustrated in FIG. 19.

FIG. 20 is a block diagram illustrating a first example architecture ofa computer system 2000 that can be used in connection with exampleembodiments of the present invention. As depicted in FIG. 20, theexample computer system can include a processor 2002 for processinginstructions. Non-limiting examples of processors include: Intel Xeon™processor, AMD Opteron™ processor, Samsung 32-bit RISC ARM 1176JZ(F)-Sv1.0™ processor, ARM Cortex-A8 Samsung S5PC100™ processor, ARM Cortex-A8Apple A4™ processor, Marvell PXA 930™ processor, or afunctionally-equivalent processor. Multiple threads of execution can beused for parallel processing. In some embodiments, multiple processorsor processors with multiple cores can also be used, whether in a singlecomputer system, in a cluster, or distributed across systems over anetwork comprising a plurality of computers, cell phones, and/orpersonal data assistant devices.

As illustrated in FIG. 20, a high speed cache 2004 can be connected to,or incorporated in, the processor 2002 to provide a high speed memoryfor instructions or data that have been recently, or are frequently,used by processor 2002. The processor 2002 is connected to a northbridge 2006 by a processor bus 2008. The north bridge 2006 is connectedto random access memory (RAM) 2010 by a memory bus 2012 and managesaccess to the RAM 2010 by the processor 2002. The north bridge 2006 isalso connected to a south bridge 2014 by a chipset bus 2016. The southbridge 2014 is, in turn, connected to a peripheral bus 2018. Theperipheral bus can be, for example, PCI, PCI-X, PCI Express, or otherperipheral bus. The north bridge and south bridge are often referred toas a processor chipset and manage data transfer between the processor,RAM, and peripheral components on the peripheral bus 2018. In somealternative architectures, the functionality of the north bridge can beincorporated into the processor instead of using a separate north bridgechip.

In some embodiments, system 2000 can include an accelerator card 2022attached to the peripheral bus 2018. The accelerator can include fieldprogrammable gate arrays (FPGAs) or other hardware for acceleratingcertain processing. For example, an accelerator can be used for adaptivedata restructuring or to evaluate algebraic expressions used in extendedset processing.

Software and data are stored in external storage 2024 and can be loadedinto RAM 2010 and/or cache 2004 for use by the processor. The system2000 includes an operating system for managing system resources;non-limiting examples of operating systems include: Linux, Windows™,MACOS™, BlackBerry OS™, iOS™, and other functionally-equivalentoperating systems, as well as application software running on top of theoperating system for managing data storage and optimization inaccordance with example embodiments of the present invention.

In this example, system 2000 also includes network interface cards(NICs) 2020 and 2021 connected to the peripheral bus for providingnetwork interfaces to external storage, such as Network Attached Storage(NAS) and other computer systems that can be used for distributedparallel processing.

FIG. 21 is a diagram showing a network 2100 with a plurality of computersystems 2102 a, and 2102 b, a plurality of cell phones and personal dataassistants 2102 c, and Network Attached Storage (NAS) 204 a, and 204 b.In example embodiments, systems 202 a, 202 b, and 202 c can manage datastorage and optimize data access for data stored in Network AttachedStorage (NAS) 2104 a and 2104 b. A mathematical model can be used forthe data and be evaluated using distributed parallel processing acrosscomputer systems 2102 a, and 2102 b, and cell phone and personal dataassistant systems 2102 c. Computer systems 2102 a, and 2102 b, and cellphone and personal data assistant systems 2102 c can also provideparallel processing for adaptive data restructuring of the data storedin Network Attached Storage (NAS) 2104 a and 2104 b. FIG. 21 illustratesan example only, and a wide variety of other computer architectures andsystems can be used in conjunction with the various embodiments of thepresent invention. For example, a blade server can be used to provideparallel processing. Processor blades can be connected through a backplane to provide parallel processing. Storage can also be connected tothe back plane or as Network Attached Storage (NAS) through a separatenetwork interface.

In some example embodiments, processors can maintain separate memoryspaces and transmit data through network interfaces, back plane or otherconnectors for parallel processing by other processors. In otherembodiments, some or all of the processors can use a shared virtualaddress memory space.

FIG. 22 is a block diagram of a multiprocessor computer system 2200using a shared virtual address memory space in accordance with anexample embodiment. The system includes a plurality of processors 2202a-f that can access a shared memory subsystem 2204. The systemincorporates a plurality of programmable hardware memory algorithmprocessors (MAPs) 2206 a-f in the memory subsystem 2204. Each MAP 2206a-f can comprise a memory 2208 a-f and one or more field programmablegate arrays (FPGAs) 2210 a-f. The MAP provides a configurable functionalunit and particular algorithms or portions of algorithms can be providedto the FPGAs 2210 a-f for processing in close coordination with arespective processor. For example, the MAPs can be used to evaluatealgebraic expressions regarding the data model and to perform adaptivedata restructuring in example embodiments. In this example, each MAP isglobally accessible by all of the processors for these purposes. In oneconfiguration, each MAP can use Direct Memory Access (DMA) to access anassociated memory 2208 a-f, allowing it to execute tasks independentlyof, and asynchronously from, the respective microprocessor 2202 a-f. Inthis configuration, a MAP can feed results directly to another MAP forpipelining and parallel execution of algorithms.

The above computer architectures and systems are examples only, and awide variety of other computer, cell phone, and personal data assistantarchitectures and systems can be used in connection with exampleembodiments, including systems using any combination of generalprocessors, co-processors, FPGAs and other programmable logic devices,system on chips (SOCs), application specific integrated circuits(ASICs), and other processing and logic elements. In some embodiments,all or part of the computer system can be implemented in software orhardware. Any variety of data storage media can be used in connectionwith example embodiments, including random access memory, hard drives,flash memory, tape drives, disk arrays, Network Attached Storage (NAS)and other local or distributed data storage devices and systems.

In example embodiments, the computer system can be implemented usingsoftware modules executing on any of the above or other computerarchitectures and systems. In other embodiments, the functions of thesystem can be implemented partially or completely in firmware,programmable logic devices such as field programmable gate arrays(FPGAs) as referenced in FIG. 22, system on chips (SOCs), applicationspecific integrated circuits (ASICs), or other processing and logicelements. For example, the Set Processor and Optimizer can beimplemented with hardware acceleration through the use of a hardwareaccelerator card, such as accelerator card 2022 illustrated in FIG. 20.

In some embodiments of the invention, the system may calibrate one ormore of the various sensors described above. For example, in embodimentshaving a pH sensor the system may calibrate the pH sensor using one ormore pH standard solutions. FIG. 24, illustrates a flow diagram in anexample of a such a calibration process. The system may first run acleaning cycle. The cleaning cycle may be run multiple times until acleanliness sensor signals that the system is clean enough for pHcalibration. The liquid handling system will then pump a first pHstandard solution through the system to immerse the pH sensor tip in thefirst pH standard solution. Typically, but not necessarily, the first pHstandard solution will have a pH of 4. The pH sensor then takes a pHmeasurement and stores the reading in a database for sensor calibrationmeasurements maintained by the system, this reading will then correspondthe pH of 4 or whatever the pH of the first reference is known to be.The system will then run one or more cleaning cycles as before to ensurethe system is clean enough to take a calibration measurement of the nextpH reference solution. A second pH reference solution is then pumpedthrough the system until the pH sensor tip is immersed in the second pHreference solution. The second pH reference solution will typically, butnot necessarily have a pH of 7. Once again the pH sensor takes ameasurement and the value measured is stored in the database for sensorcalibration measurement, this reading will correspond to a pH of 7 orwhatever the pH of the second reference is known to be. The system willthen run one or more cleaning cycles as before to ensure the system isclean enough to take a calibration measurement of the next pH referencesolution. A third pH reference solution is then pumped through thesystem until the pH sensor tip is immersed in the third pH referencesolution. The third pH reference solution will typically, but notnecessarily have a pH of 10. Once again, the pH sensor takes ameasurement and the value measured is stored in the database for sensorcalibration measurements, this reading will correspond to a pH of 10 orwhatever the pH of the third reference is known to be. The systemanalyzes the measurements made of the pH reference solutions tocalibrate the pH sensor This process may be performed once or repeateduntil the pH sensor is deemed to be satisfactorily calibrated. Havingsatisfactorily calibrated the pH sensor the system runs another cleaningcycle in preparation for subsequent solution making operations. In thisexample, three pH reference solutions are used to calibrate the pHsensor, however, fewer or more pH reference solutions (i.e. 1, 2, 4, ormore) reference solutions can be used.

Some embodiments of the invention further comprise systems and methodfor evaluating a status of the various sensors of the system. Thesesensors may include pH sensors, weight, sensors, conductivity sensors,turbidity sensors, or any other sensors described in the variousembodiments of the invention elsewhere in this application. The systemmay store measurement histories of any of the sensors comprisingreadings from the sensors during the operation of the sensor. Themeasurement histories may be stored in the system's database for accessand statistical processing, which in turn may be used to evaluate theoperable status of any given sensor. The system may then takeappropriate action such as ordering a replacement sensor if any sensoris operating outside of specified parameters. An example of this aspectof the invention is shown in figure FIG. 25, the system may collectstatistical pH readings data from a pH sensor, the collected data may befrom a period of time spanning a date range. The system may then processthe data and calculate a baseline trend for measurements from the pHsensor. The system may then check if baseline readings or trends fallwithin a pass range. If the baseline readings or trends do fall within apass range then the sensor is deemed to be operating within itsspecified operating parameters. If the sensor's baseline readings ortrends fall outside the pass range then the sensor is deemed to beoperating outside its specified operating parameters and systemgenerates a support ticket in the system's database for trackingprogress in replacing the pH sensor. The system then may also generate areplacement part order. The system may then check to see if the pHsensor was sent out to the user of the system via an internet connectionto the replacement sensor supplier. If the part has been sent, thesystem may prompt the user after a certain amount of time (typically the1-7 days) to check to see if the replacement pH sensor was received. Ifthe sensor was received the system will check to see if the maintenancecan be performed at that time. If maintenance can be performed, thesystem may display a video animation that instructs the user on how toreplace the pH sensor. The system may then check to see if the pH sensorwas replaced. If the sensor was replaced the system will update itsdatabase with data on the new sensor and close the support ticket. Inthis example a pH sensor has been used for illustrative purposes,however the same process can be applied to replace any of the system'ssensors.

As mentioned above, some embodiments of the invention comprise systemsand method for calibrating sensors used by the system. In someembodiments the system comprises one or more weight sensors (scales) formeasuring the weight of the solids containers. Such measurements may beused by the system to facilitate accurate dosing of the solids reagentsstored in the one or more solids containers to the CMC. Suchmeasurements may also be used to track the amount of solids reagentscurrently stored by the solids handling system and the rate at which thevarious solids reagents are consumed. This information may be used toanticipate and/or generate replacement orders of solid reagents. Toensure accurate operation of these scales the system may periodicallycalibrate the one or more scales. The system may further comprise asolids container, configured to hold a reference weight having a knownweight, for calibrating the one or more scales, this container may bereferred to as scale calibration container. The reference weight,contained in the scale calibration container or held by the scalecalibration container, may have a hook configured to hook and unhook tothe scale calibration container. The scale calibration container may beconfigured to interface with the solids dosing motor such that rotatingthe solids dosing motor will lower the reference weigh into a solid cupof the solid handling system. Further rotation of the solids dosingmotor may fully unhook the reference weight from the scale calibrationcontainer. After unhooking the reference weight from the scalecalibration container, further rotation of the solids dosing motor mayre-hook the reference weight to the scale calibration container andraise the reference weight into the scale calibration container.

An example of such a weight sensor calibration process that someembodiments of the invention may perform is illustrated in FIG. 26. Tocalibrate the one or more scales the system may first run a cleaningcycle to remove any solid contaminants from the system. A user may loadthe scale calibration container if it is not already one of the solidscontainers being stored by the solids handling system. The solidshandling system will then engage the scale calibration container. Thescale being calibrated may then measure the weight of the scalecalibration container with the reference weight. This measurement isstored by the system's database as a zero value for the container. Thesystem may then rotate the solids dosing motor to lower the referenceweight into the solid cup. The system may then further rotate the soliddosing motor to unhook the reference weight from the scale calibrationcontainer. The scale being calibrated may then measure the weight of thescale calibration container and store the measured value in the system'sdatabase as a reference value. The system may then further rotate thesolids dosing motor to rehook the reference weight to the scalecalibration container and to raise the reference weight into the scalecalibration container. The system may then manipulate the scalecalibration container to disengage it from the solids dosing motor. Thesolids handling system may then move the scale calibration container toa storage position or prompt a user to remove the scale calibrationcontainer. The system may then run another cleaning cycle to remove anysolid contaminants and prepare the system for subsequent operations.Using the zero value and reference value stored by the database, theweight resolution of the scale can be calculated and the scalecalibration may be completed.

Some embodiments of the system and methods of the invention comprisemeans and steps for inventory management. The system's computerizedhardware and software may take data from the various sensors of thesystem (scales, cameras, RF Id scanners) to keep track of and manage thestores of various solid and liquid reagents and components used toprepare the solutions. In some embodiments this data is used along withworkflow data to manage the inventory of various reagents held withinthe system. FIG. 27 shows a flow diagram illustrating inventorymanagement in some embodiments of the invention. In this example, thesystem may receives a number of solution orders specifying solutions tobe made by the system. These solution orders may be stored the systemsmemory (i.e. the system's database) and executed in a queue. During orafter the creation of each solution specified by the solution orders,the system monitors with weight sensors and/or flow sensors the amountof reach reagent consumed to create each solution. The measured amountof each reagent consumed is used to update the system's database, whichmay store information on how much of each reagent the system has instock. The system may then check the database to see if the amount ofany reagent is below a pre-set restock level. If the amount of anyreagent is below the restock level the system may generate an orderticket for that reagent. The order ticket may be a prompt to the userinforming the user that more of the reagent needs to be ordered. Theorder ticket may also be an actual order or pre filled order form thatis communicated automatically to a supporting vendor via a computernetwork or a supplier API. The order ticket may be added to a queue tobe approved by the system's user or a manager of the system before beingsent to a supplier. The system may then check the order queue foroutstanding approved order tickets, if an outstanding order ticket isapproved the system can contact the reagent supplier via a networkedcomputer system or supplier API and submit the order for the replacementreagent. The system may then update the order ticket and order queue.

Some embodiments of the invention comprise systems and methods forreplacing solid reagents. In any of the embodiments of the inventiondescribed herein the solids handling system may comprise a solids turntable or a solids conveyer system that stores one or more solidscontainers containing solid reagents for use in preparing the laboratorysolutions. FIG. 28A and FIG. 28B, show a flow chart illustrating aprocess for replacing solid reagents used by some embodiments of theinvention. At times the one or more containers will need to be replacedor changed out, this may be done to replenish the store of solid reagentinside the container or change the solid reagents available to thesystem for automatically preparing solutions. At this time, the user orsystem will generate a change request for one of the one or morecontainers stored by the solids handling system. They system will thencheck if access to solids handling is allowed, the solids handlingsystem might be busy performing a higher priority task, or the systemmay be in a cleaning cycle. In this case the change request will beadded to a queue of tasks to be completed. If access is granted, thesystem will retrieve the container's position from the system'sdatabase. The database stores the respective positions of the one ormore solids containers in the solids handling system. Using theretrieved position, the solids handling system moves the container to aloading point wherein the solids container can be exposed for accessedby a user of the system. The system then prompts the user, via the userinterface to remove the solids container that the change request wasgenerated for. To aid the user the system user interface may show avideo animation that shows the unloading process. The system then checksconfirmation of the unloading of the solids container. If suchconfirmation is received by the system, the system prompts the user loada new solids container, which may be the just removed container, havingbeen refilled or a completely new container having a different reagent.In some embodiments all the solids containers have labels which thesystem uses to track the location and contents of the one or more solidscontainers stored by the solids handling system. Consequently the systemmay prompt the user to scan the label of the new solids container inorder to update the systems database and to track the contents andwhereabouts of the one or more solids containers. The system databasemay have a roster of all stocked containers and their contents. Thesystem may check to see that the label of the new solid container wasscanned and then may check the system database to see if the label ofthe new solids container matches that of the requested container. If thelabel of the new solids container matches the requested container thesystem will prompt the user to load the new solids container into theloading point of the solids handling system. To aid the user the systemmay display a video animation showing the loading process to the user.The system then checks confirmation of the loading of the new solidscontainer. Once loading of the new solids container is confirmed thesolids handling system may move the new solids container to a storageposition in the solids handling system. During this process the solidshandling system may move the new solids container past a camera or ascanner, such as an RFID or barcode scanner, which scans the label ofthe new solids container to verify that the correct new solids containerwith the correct reagent was loaded into the solids handing system. Ifthe label corresponds to the requested new solids container, the systemmay prompt the user that the container replacement was successful andupdate the system database with the location of the new solidscontainer, the reagent stored in the new solids container and the amountof the reagent stored in the new solids container.

11. Labos

Control System

A Control System (CS) is operably linked to the automated solutiondispensers described herein according to various embodiments of theinvention. In many embodiments, the CS is physically connected to theautomated solution dispenser. The CS can receive from and send data tothe automated solution dispenser. The CS can be further linked to acomputer network, as described in further detail elsewhere in thisapplication. In various embodiments, the CS can be accessed remotelythrough a wireless or wired network. The CS can be linked to a cloud.The cloud can manage various aspects of the CS, such as data updates andthe CS can communicate data back to the cloud for automated solutiondispenser related activities, including but not limited to ingredientusage, maintenance schedule, instrument use, user access or any othersuitable data. The CS can further connect to additional instruments,such as laboratory instruments. In some embodiments, the CS controls atleast 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 15, 20, or more laboratory instruments. TheCS can be physically or remotely connected to the additional laboratoryinstruments.

The control system (CS) can be used in various ways to control theoperation of some or all systems in the device. An exemplary CS maycomprise low level circuitry, comprising the hardware driver, forexample a stepper motor controller, power relays, etc.; sensorinformation post-processing circuitry, for example current loop driver,low noise amplifier, etc.; one or moremicrocontroller(s)/microprocessor(s) to control the low level circuitry;a user interface, for example a touchscreen user interface; and/or aCPU, running program code and hosting a database structure.

One aspect to the invention relates to a control system capable ofoperating some or all systems of a solution dispenser system. In someembodiments, a low level circuitry component of the control systemcomprises a driver for the hardware (e.g. stepper motor controller,power relays, etc). Sensor information from the system can be processedin a post-processing circuitry component, e.g. current loop driver, lownoise amplifier, etc. In various embodiments, the control systemcomprises a microcontroller or microprocessor that is capable ofcontrolling any low level circuitry components. In some embodiments, thecontrol system can be accessed using a user interface, for example agraphical user interface, a touchscreen user interface etc. A centralprocessing unit (CPU) can be operably linked to the various componentsof the system. In some embodiments, the CPU runs a program code. In someembodiments, the control system hosts a database structure. The databasestructure can be designed enabling the storage of operating parameters,user instructions, recipes for different solutions, schedule of solutionpreparation, past usage, information on the solution components, e.g.label information, material safety datasheets etc., consumption ofsolution components, current stock of solution components, orderinginformation for solution components, system maintenance schedules, alertschedules/rules, e.g. for preparation of solutions, consumption/currentstock of solution components etc., priority information for users andany other suitable information known in the art for solutionpreparation. In various embodiments, the database structure links thestored information in an operationally advantageous manner. For example,the past usage of one or more solution comprising a particular solutioncomponent can be used to generate a rule of consumption rate for theparticular solution component. The database structure can link thisinformation with the current stock level of a component to computefuture levels of consumption.

The control system (CS) can connect secondary devices with auxiliarysoftware. The auxiliary software may be provided by a separateentity/third party then the control system and/or the automated solutiondispenser. For example, the auxiliary software may be provided by thesame vendor as the secondary device. The auxiliary software may enablethe control system to take control of a secondary device, contain itsstate, store its events and allow sharing of the information related tothe secondary device with the same or different auxiliary software. Theshared information can be used by the same or difference auxiliarysoftware when controlling another secondary device. Multiple auxiliarysoftware can be introduced and installed, for example to run a singletype of secondary device, or alternatively to run multiple secondarydevices.

12. Labmind/Cloud Computing

The control system of the automated solution dispenser can perform someor all operational tasks locally. In some embodiments, the controlsystem is configured to relay information to a remote location, such asa remote computing center. A remote location, as described herein, mayrefer to a computer in the next room or one on the other side of theworld. A remote computer or computer system, may refer to a computer orcomputer system at a remote location, to which a user does not havephysical access, but which he or she can access or manipulate via somekind of network. A remote location may refer to the physical or networklocation of a computer that is physically unavailable for access fromanother computer, computer system or device. In some embodiments, thecontrol system is configured to receive information from a remotecomputing center. For example, the system can be connected to a networkcontrol module of a cloud computing system (FIG. 23A-B). The networkcontrol module can relay information between the control system and thedata systems in the cloud. In another example, a module from the cloud,such as the network control module, can provide updates to the system.In some embodiments, a component of the cloud can be given permission toinstall software updates or a new software component to the system.

The systems equipped with the cloud computing systems may generate andcontain organizational information creating a hierarchy of multipleautomated solution dispenser units. For example, the systems may utilizedata for large organizational entities with multiple locations, such asa large corporation, a university with multiple campuses or buildings.Hierarchical information involving multiple locations can be used sothat a user, for example a manager, can get information about consumableuse/solution preparation information for one or more locations withinthe organizational entity or the entire organizational entity. Thesystem can act as a queue manager, in a similar fashion to a “printerpool”, so that it can optimally distribute requests for solutions to aplurality of automated solution dispenser units. The system may be abletake into account proximity and/or specifications from the usersubmitting the solution request for queue management. The system maypropose queue management recommendations to the user for selecting.Further, the systems described herein can link the consumableconsumption to the user ordering the solution and not the system used,allowing for appropriate allocation of costs, which can be significantproblem in laboratories.

The data systems in the cloud may comprise one or more databasestructures. The database structure(s) can be designed enabling thestorage of operating parameters, user instructions, recipes fordifferent solutions, schedule of solution preparation, past usage,information on the solution components, e.g. label information, materialsafety datasheets etc., consumption of solution components, currentstock of solution components, ordering information for solutioncomponents, system maintenance schedules, alert schedules/rules, e.g.for preparation of solutions, consumption/current stock of solutioncomponents etc., priority information for users and any other suitableinformation known in the art for solution preparation. In variousembodiments, the database structure links the stored information in anoperationally advantageous manner. For example, the past usage of one ormore solution comprising a particular solution component can be used togenerate a rule of consumption rate for the particular solutioncomponent. The database structure can link this information with thecurrent stock level of a component to compute future levels ofconsumption.

In various embodiments, the data systems in the cloud further compriseinformation relating to the ordering and/or purchasing of solutioncomponents and/or system components. Users can be enabled to order suchcomponents by interacting with the cloud. The user interaction with thecloud can be via the control system of the automated solution dispenser.The user interaction with the cloud can also be accomplished using aseparate system, for example a separate computer, handheld device,phone, or any other suitable device known in the art for interactingwith the cloud. The user interaction with the cloud may comprise aonetime transaction. The user interaction with the cloud can also set upa rule for repeated transactions.

The user may be allowed to interact with the system to schedule asolution preparation on the automated solution dispenser. The user maybe enabled to submit other data to the data systems of the cloud, forexample the user can review and/or a recipe, leave notes, review asupplier, schedule a maintenance or submit other suitable informationfor the system.

FIG. 23A-B illustrates the use of a networked cloud system with theautomated solution dispenser according to some embodiments of theinvention. Accordingly, a controller controls the inlet systems, theoutlet systems, the process systems and/or any other suitable componentsof the automated solution dispenser. The controller may utilizededicated control electronics for controlling the automated solutiondispenser. The controller may additionally comprise a state machinestack, electronics communications subsystem, embedded software and anyother suitable components known in the art. In some embodiments, thecontroller comprises a second or further sets of control electronics,embedded software, electronics communications subsystem, and a statemachine stack. The second or further sets can be dedicated to afollow-up machine, for example, a second or additional pieces oflaboratory equipment, also controlled by the controller.

The controller may be accessed by a user through a graphical userinterface (GUI), for example a touch-screen GUI. The controller may beconnected to a cloud. System updates may be communicated between thecloud and the controller through the cloud connection. For example, theembedded software, any drivers, and/or any suitable components of thecontroller may be updated through a system update delivered from thecloud systems. The cloud may also provide optimized sets of parametersfor the preparation of solutions. The solution prep parameter sets maybe stored and/or optimized in the data systems of the cloud.

The controller may also deliver information to the cloud system, forexample, parameters collected from the automated solution dispenserand/or additional follow-up machines including but not limited tolaboratory equipment, a log of ordered solutions, a log of usage forvarious substances making up the solutions by the automated solutiondispenser, such as water, solvents, solids, acids, bases, and any othersuitable components, a log of usage for various components of thesolution dispenser, such as mechanical components or electroniccomponents, or any other suitable information.

Data systems within the cloud can store and maintain any informationprovided by the controller, maintenance personnel or end users. In someembodiments, the cloud system provides for web store integration for theordering and/or purchasing of solution components. The controller and/orthe networked cloud systems can follow the consumption or stock of asolution ingredient at a particular site, for example the consumption orstock by one or more automated solution dispensers at the site. The webstore can provide access to chemical vendors and/or procure the solutioncomponents and provide them to end users without or without mark-up. Themark-up can be about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 40%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 200%or more of the procurement price or the retail price of the solutioncomponent, in many cases, commercially available chemicals. Unavailablechemicals can be specially ordered, for example, a synthesis order for achemical, for example a peptide or oligonucleotide can be sent to asynthesis vendor. The web store can be accessed as the end user demands.Further, the web store can provide alerts for the purchase of solutioncomponents based on default or user defined thresholds of consumptionrate, total consumption, stock amount, and/or any other suitableparameter.

The web store can further facilitate other transactions including thepurchase or ordering of system components/requirements, such asmechanical components of the system, software/drivers, software/driverupgrades, 3^(rd) party applications, solution recipes, maintenance fees,maintenance personnel visits or any other necessarycomponents/requirements as needed by the user. The system components canbe provided in a similar manner to the solution components oralternative transaction mechanisms can be used. For example, maintenancepersonnel visits can be recommended on a regular schedule, such as twiceor once a year. Further, problems may be detected from a distance andoptionally resolved remotely without requiring a visit from themaintenance personnel. Purchase of replacement parts can be recommendedand their shipment can be scheduled remotely. Local user can be guidedfor the maintenance and/or repair of the system components remotely, forexample by guidance videos. Maintenance fees can be adjusted accordingthe terms and conditions for the purchase or sale of the instrument.Mechanical components can be suggested for renewal based on thespecifics of each mechanical component. Software/drivers and relatedupgrades can be provided by user demand or as they become available.

Maintenance personnel may be given access to the automated solutiondispenser and/or the controller through the cloud systems. Maintenancepersonnel may access log files providing information about the currentand past states of the automated solution dispenser and/or thecontroller. Maintenance personnel may take full and direct control ofthe system at the lowest levels of the interface, install and/or upgradesoftware/drivers, boot/reboot the system, perform calibrations,recommend replacement parts and/or perform any suitable task to maintainthe automated solution dispenser and/or the controller.

In some embodiments, the cloud provides an access point for end users toaccess the controller and/or the automated solution dispenser. Secondaryaccess points including desktops, laptops, mobile devices and/or anyother suitable computer system known in the art may network with theautomated solution dispenser and/or the controller. Examples ofsecondary computers and networking systems/methods are described herein.Graphical user interfaces and/or APIs for the software/drivers to beaccessed by end users may be provided to secondary computers in thenetwork.

13. Access from Remote Computers/Handheld Devices

In some embodiments, the system and methods of the invention relate toaccessing the control system of an automated solution dispenserremotely. Additional/secondary computers, such as desktop or laptopcomputers, mobile devices, for example handheld devices, mobile phones,or any other suitable computer known in the art may access the CS thatis operably linked to the automated solution dispenser. Secondarycomputers may access the CS through a wired or wireless network. In someembodiments, the secondary computers send and/or receive data to or fromthe CS using an application programming interface (API). In someembodiments, the secondary computers may run the CS environment, forexample using a VPN. Data on the CS may be replicated and/or mirrored onthe secondary computers as desired or on a regular schedule. In someembodiments, a secondary computer connecting to the CS is operablylinked to another instrument, for example a laboratory instrument. TheCS and the secondary computer may thus link two laboratory instruments,establishing an environment, wherein the particular usage of oneinstrument may affect or may be conditional on the usage of the other.For example, the automated solution dispenser may wait for the deliveryof containers by a robot before starting solution preparation. Foranother example, a pump may deliver a prepared solution to anotherinstrument, such as a chromatography device, or electrophoresis device.For another example, the automated solution dispenser may wait for anauxiliary water filter to deliver water to the dispenser. In someembodiments, two or more instruments are be linked using solely the CSthat is operably linked to the automated solution dispenser or using theCS in addition to secondary computers, which may be operably linked toone or more laboratory instruments. Various methods of establishingconnections between the CS and a secondary computer are described infurther detail below and elsewhere in this application.

Network Solutions

Various embodiments of the invention utilize one or more networks, suchas a Local Area Network (LAN), Wireless LAN (WLAN), and in some cases aStorage Area Network (SAN), a Campus Area Network (CAN), MetropolitanArea Network (MAN) or Wide Area Network (WAN), to provide communicationbetween one or more controlling/monitoring stations and the devices thatare integrated in the system. Physical computer to computer or computerto device communications can be achieved through any standardcommercially available hardware and software. An example of hard-wirednetworking is the ANSI/IEEE 802.3 (CSMA/CD) standard, utilized as theLAN communication protocol with appropriate networking software andinterface cards. In large installations where several individuallocations are linked to a central facility, the LANs can subsequently beconnected to a user third party WAN. Optical fibers, twisted pair, orcoax cable can be used to couple the network computers together.Communication can also be achieved through satellite, telephone lines,TV cable networks, Internet or any other protocols allowing forbi-directional communications. Examples of networked computer/devicesystems are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,055,487, which isherein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments, multiple computers may connect to multiple storagesystems through a Storage-Area Network (SAN), a Network-attached storage(NAS), or a hybrid thereof. A storage area network (SAN) is a dedicated,centrally managed, information infrastructure, which enablesinterconnection of compute nodes and storage nodes. A storage areanetwork facilitates universal access and sharing of storage resources.SANs are often implemented with Fibre Channel technology as known in theart. Typically, a SAN utilizes block-oriented protocols, such as aSCSI-like protocols encapsulated within Fibre Channel frames, forproviding storage to compute nodes. However, file systems, known as SANfilesystems or shared disk file systems, can be built on top of SANs doprovide file-level access. In contrast, general purpose networks (GPNs),including local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs) and theInternet typically implement file-oriented protocols. Some storage areanetworks may encapsulate block oriented protocols in other protocols,such as an iSCSI protocol.

In some cases, it is possible to find more than one path through a SANfrom the computer to one or more of the storage devices. When more thanone such path exists, the path over which data is communicated can becontrolled and it may become possible or desirable to distributecommunications among the multiple paths. Network solutions forintegrated controlling/monitoring/device systems are further describedin U.S. Pat. No. 6,985,983, which is herein incorporated by reference inits entirety.

In various embodiments, the computer system that is directly connectedto a primary piece of laboratory equipment, such as the automatedsolution dispenser described herein, acts as a hub, for example a WLANhub, for a network.

Drivers, Applications, and Operating Systems

In various embodiments, the OS of the central/controller computer isequipped with application programming interfaces for easy installationof additional drivers and/or applications.

In some embodiments, a separate operating system (OS) driver may beutilized for each operating system, interface adapter and deviceprotocol combination. Any OS can be used, including LINUX, UNIX, MAC OSX, GOOGLE CHROME OS, MICROSOFT WINDOWS, MINIX, SINGULARITY or any othersuitable OS known in the art.

An OS driver may be installable into the operating system it is designedfor by a variety of users, for example when a user supplements theintegrated system with a new device. The driver can generate controlsequences according to the device protocol for each device supported.These control sequences can be passed from the OS driver, typicallythrough an interface adapter, to the device, for example over anyrelevant cabling or wireless solution. Data and command responseinformation can be returned from the device through the interfaceadapter to the OS driver.

In some embodiments, fewer but more complex installable OS drivers maybe used. With this approach, a single complex OS driver can be used witha desired operating system and can have the ability to interfaceOS-specific system-call commands to device-specific commands for each ofthe device types that may connect to each adapter. Such complex OSdrivers may typically contain an OS-interface module for communicatingwith the OS; command interpreting and translation modules, dedicated todifferent types of devices in communication with the OS-interfacemodule; redundancy control modules operating in tandem with commandinterpreting and translation modules for controlling redundant featuresof various types of devices; an adapter-interface module incommunication with the adapter and with the command interpreting andtranslation modules; and/or a redundancy control module operating inconjunction with the adapter-interface module to control any pathredundancy that may exist. Features of such complex drivers are furtherdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,985,983, which is herein incorporated byreference in its entirety.

Integrated Systems

In some embodiments, the present invention relates to an integratedcontrol system which includes a plurality of local and/or remote devicesand one or more controlling and monitoring stations. The local and/orremote devices may include a camera, a light detector, a moveableoptical system, a radioactivity detector, a light source, a powersupply, a voltage regulator, a voltage meter, an ammeter, athermocoupler, a thermometer, a potentiometer, an oscillator, a heater,a cooler, a pump, a pressure regulator, a chromatography system, anagitator, a shaker, a sonicator, a vacuum source, a scale, a centrifuge,a filtration device, a timer, a monitor, a robotic arm, an automatedpipetting system, a positive displacement pump, and/or a printer. Thecontrolling/monitoring stations may include a computer for controllingpredetermined functions of the devices in the system. The controller maybe in direct communication with an automated solution dispenser.

In some embodiments, a network, such as a LAN, WLAN, CAN, MAN, WAN orSAN, provides communication between the devices and thecontrolling/monitoring stations and data storage stations. A computerinterface may provide bi-directional communication between analyticalinstruments, robots and peripheral devices and a computer. In variousembodiments, the system employs a robot which is responsive to computercommands and capable of performing mechanical functions. Systemsincorporating multiple controllers and peripheral devices in a networkare exemplified in U.S. Pat. No. 5,366,896, which is herein incorporatedby reference in its entirety.

Exemplary embodiments of the present invention seek to provide a systemand method for the remote control of laboratory equipment from a singlecentral computer/controller or from multiple computers networked into acentral computer/controller. In various embodiments, a user interfaceincorporates features to control an automated solution dispenser as wellas any peripheral devices. The user interface may be replicated exactlyor in a suitably alternate form in a networked computer. In someembodiments, the user interface is only accessible through a networkedcomputer.

Various features of the user interface may allow for quick, efficient,simple control of the laboratory equipment in the system. Accordingly,collaboration between local and networked users may be facilitated.

Interfaces—Application Programming Interfaces

In some embodiments, network software (e.g., Novell, Banyan, Windows NT,UNIX, etc.) executing on a network server is used to insulate clients(end users) at least somewhat from the profusion of interface commandsets. Network software may do so by limiting clients to a series ofnetwork-supported operations.

In some embodiments, network software controls the entire network.Network software may interact with and issue interface commands toconnected devices through APIs designed for that network such as,through software that implements the APIs. In some embodiments, specificAPIs for each network software/device combination are utilized. Theinterface commands may be translated among and through various APIs. Insome embodiments, a generalized command set may aid communication amongthe networked devices.

The systems and methods of the invention integrate one or more pieces oflaboratory equipment. In some embodiments, the integration is performedat a Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) or lower level. Acomputer system, such as LabOS, may run multiple pieces of laboratoryequipment. Software and hardware for laboratory applications may beintegrated using the methods and systems of the invention. In variousembodiments, similar components with shared functions are repeated inmultiple pieces of laboratory equipment. Flexible linking of individualcomponents, such as a camera with computer systems that drive and/orobtain data from such components are possible using the methods andsystems of the invention. Computer systems may control multiplecomponents in various pieces of equipment, thus creating new combinationof available components. For example, a camera may be used as a colonycounter, through the use of custom software. In another example,computer systems of the invention can control liquid chromatographers,by controlling pumps, sensors, or other components within this piece oflaboratory equipment. Software can be provided by anyone, including, forexample, the vendor supplying the computer system, the laboratoryequipment, an independent laboratory end user or any other suitableuser. In various embodiments, the computer systems of the invention aresupplied operable linked to a primary piece of laboratory equipment,such as the automated solution dispenser described herein. Computersystems of the invention, such as LabOS, can be provided with sufficientaccessibility to programmers enabling integration of devices, softwareand remote computers with the original computer system.

Uses of LIMS in integrated laboratory systems are further described inU.S. Pat. No. 7,991,560, which is herein incorporated by reference inits entirety.

In some embodiments, a common command interface (CCI) provides aninterface abstraction allowing network device applications to maintainone set of code for each command regardless of which command interface(e.g., web, CLI, NMS, etc.) initiates the command.

Network devices including telecommunications and data communicationsequipment may be administered and/or controlled through a Command LineInterface (CLI) that provides the user (i.e., administrator) with atextual interface through which the administrator could type incommands. CLI connections can be made either directly with the devicethrough a console or through a remote connection. Web interfaces mayalso allow administrators to remotely control network devices throughweb pages. In some cases, web interfaces may provide easier access witha more visually rich format through Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).For example, commands may be grouped and displayed according toparticular categories and hyperlinks may be used to allow theadministrator to jump between different web pages accessing a networkcomprising one or more laboratory instruments.

In some embodiments, the preferences of a large number of users andadvantages of various interfaces are accommodated by utilizing a varietyof interfaces, for example, a CLI interface and a web interface providedto one or more network devices.

In some cases, the applications corresponding to the commands mustinclude separate code for each interface. Applications running on anetwork device may maintain an API for each external interface. In someembodiments, the source of each received command is tracked so thatresponses can be provided in the appropriate format, for example, HTMLfor a web interface or ASCII for a CLI.

In some embodiments, a common command interface (CCI) provides aninterface abstraction allowing network device applications to maintainone set of code for each command regardless of which command interface(e.g., web, CLI, NMS, etc.) initiates the command. Command codes in eachapplication may be shared across multiple command interfaces. Theinterface abstraction allows new applications including additionalcommands to be added to a network device and existing applications to bedynamically upgraded to include new and/or modified commands withouthaving to modify the CCI. Thus, the network device may provide theincreased flexibility of having multiple command interfaces, whileminimizing the complexity required to maintain commands across thoseinterfaces. In addition, a community command interface may be used toconnect the common command interfaces of multiple network devices. U.S.Patent Pub. No. 2003/0126195 describes uses of common command interfacesin further detail and is herein incorporated by reference in itsentirety.

Connections within the Network

Various laboratory equipments in the system may be connected to ageneral purpose computer system via a short-distance connection bus,such as GPIB, SCSI and/or USB. The laboratory equipment may be any setof electronic devices with displays and/or control keys. For example,the laboratory equipment may include a camera, a light detector, amoveable optical system, a radioactivity detector, a light source, apower supply, a voltage regulator, a voltage meter, an ammeter, athermocoupler, a thermometer, a potentiometer, an oscillator, a heater,a cooler, a pump, a pressure regulator, a chromatography system, anagitator, a shaker, a sonicator, a vacuum source, a scale, a centrifuge,a filtration device, a timer, a monitor, a robotic arm, an automatedpipetting system, a positive displacement pump, and/or a printer. Eachitem of hardware may be connected to the controlling computer. One ormore standard personal computers may further be connected to thecontrolling computer. For example, the computer system may be equippedwith a GPIB connector, for example, via a PCI expansion card.

The connection, such as a short-distance connection, between thelaboratory equipment and the controlling computer and any networkedcomputers to it may allow for the sending of control signals to thelaboratory equipment and allow for the receiving of output from thelaboratory equipment.

One or more computers in the system, such as the controller computer orany networked computers to it, may be connected to a computer network,for example an intranet or the Internet.

Use of Software, Network Stacks, and Layers

The computer system may execute software for performing one or morefunctions. The computer system may execute software for communicatingwith the GPIB. In some embodiments, this software comprises a hardwaredriver. The computer system may also execute one or more hardwaredrivers for controlling the functions and interpreting the output of thelaboratory equipment. There may be one driver for each piece ofequipment or several pieces of equipment may share a common driver. Oneor more drivers may be utilized to effectively communicate with thelaboratory equipment. The computer system may also execute software forcommunicating over the computer network to another computer. Thissoftware may include software for connecting to a virtual privatenetwork (VPN) or may include a client application for communicating witha remote server application over a virtualized environment. In someembodiments, the automated solution dispenser is controlled usinginformation originating from a remote computer.

The computer system may be in communication with a remote computersystem over a network. The connection may be a direct connection, forexample, packets may be routed directly between the computer system andthe remote computer system over the network or both the computer systemand the remote computer system may execute a client application forcontacting a server application that is also connected to the network.In this case, the server application may manage the communicationbetween the two computer systems, for example, using a web service or avirtualized environment.

In some embodiments, the computer system is a general purpose computersystem. In some embodiments, the computer system may be aspecial-purpose digital device designed to manage the direct control ofthe laboratory equipment by the remote computer over the computernetwork. A special-purpose digital device may include a network adapterport such as an Ethernet port or wireless network adapter, a port forconnecting to the laboratory equipment, for example, a GPIB port, and amicroprocessor for executing various software layers. Various softwarelayers may be executed by a special-purpose digital device forconnecting laboratory equipment to a computer network. For example, aTCP/IP layer may be used to manage communication over the computernetwork by the sending and receiving of packets of data. The TCP/IPlayer may be able to interpret the packets of data and pass along theinterpreted information to a driver layer. The driver layer may thentranslate the data interpreted by the TCP/IP layer into equipmentcontrol and output signals. The driver layer may then send the equipmentcontrol and output signals to and from a GPIB layer which managescommunication with the laboratory equipment.

In some embodiments, the remote computer system is a general purposecomputer system. A remote user may use a remote computer system tointerface with the computer system across a network. The remote computersystem may execute software for transferring data across the network.The software may include software for connecting to a virtual privatenetwork (VPN) or may include a client application for communicating witha remote server application over a virtualized environment.

In some embodiments, the remote computer system is equipped to executeuser interface software for presenting a virtual control laboratoryequipment control panel to a remote user. In some embodiments, forexample where the computer system and the remote computer systemcommunicate via a server over the virtual environment, the userinterface software may be executed on the server, rather than, forexample on the remote computer system.

In some embodiments, a user interface presents a virtual controllaboratory equipment control panel to a remote user. In someembodiments, the computer system presents output from the laboratoryequipment to a remote user. In various embodiments, any software, forexample software for presenting the laboratory equipment control panelor output to a remote user, drivers, or network stacks, is installed bya user other than the manufacturer or the seller of the computer systemlinked to a primary laboratory equipment, such as an automated solutiondispenser. In some embodiments, multiple pieces of laboratory equipmentare controlled by the computer system, including for example, anautomated solution dispenser. In various embodiments, one or more piecesof laboratory equipment linked to the computer system are provided by auser other than the manufacturer or the seller of the computer systemlinked to a primary laboratory equipment, such as an automated solutiondispenser. In some embodiments, a remote display may includefunctionality that is not present on a local display of a laboratoryequipment.

A panel display for remote computer systems may be generated by avirtual panel application that may be executed either on the remotecomputer or on a server accessed by the remote computer. The virtualpanel application may generate the panel display and ensure proper paneldisplay function.

One or more computer systems or servers connected to the laboratoryequipment of the invention may determine whether a remote command, forexample a command delivered from a remote server or a virtual panelapplication, is being executed for the first time. Commands sent fromremote locations may be sent multiple times. The execution of aparticular command may be checked to avoid duplicate executions. In someembodiments, a duplicate command is only executed, when it has not beenpreviously executed. In this fashion, failures in prompt execution ofremote commands, due to, for example, connectivity problems, can besmoothed within the network.

Operating systems and software applications used by general purposecomputers may be subject to occasional software crashes and otherunexpected terminations. Moreover, the network connection between thecomputer system and the remote computer system may occasionally fail.Accordingly, the possibility exists that the present state of one ormore pieces of laboratory equipment may be lost upon a software crash.Each time a piece of laboratory equipment is turned on, or anothercritical setting is changed, the status of the laboratory equipment maybe recorded to a configuration file. Then, as a remote command, forexample, one from a virtual panel application, is executed, it may bedetermined whether the software has experienced a crash or whether thecommand has previously been executed. In some embodiments, a remotesoftware may have access to a log of experienced crashes. Upon are-execution attempt, the software access information related to shutdown status, for example proper or crash shut-down during a previousexecution attempt. Crash recovery protocols may be performed in caseswhere a crash has occurred. Crash recovery protocols may include readinga log/configuration file to determine status of one or more pieces unitsof laboratory equipment, for example whether they have been left poweredon, left in the middle of an execution step or a longer protocol, forexample an event loop, for that piece of laboratory equipment. In someembodiments, a user may be prompted to shut down a laboratory equipmentleft on or to take any other desired remedial steps.

In some embodiments, the program may enter an event loop. The event loopentry may be contingent on information obtained from a log/configurationfile, for example reporting the presence or absence of a recent crash orcrash recovery has been performed. In some embodiments, an eventcomprises a user making a change to one or more of the displayedsettings related to a piece of laboratory equipment, for example asdisplayed on a panel display. The user may use a panel display to turnon a power supply, to start a cleaning cycle, to calibrate a pH meter orsend any other suitable commands for operating the piece of laboratoryequipment. In some embodiments, an event comprises the occurrence of aread update. In an event loop, a determination may be made whether anevent has occurred. When an event has occurred, the event may be parsed.Parsing of an event may include executing the instructions offered bythe user. For example, where the event includes the user activating apower toggle for a unit of test equipment, commands for activating theunit of test equipment may be generated and transmitted to the testequipment via the network and the computer system.

In some embodiments, an event is a read request. A read request maycomprise a command sent to a piece of laboratory equipment requestingthat one or more parameters be measured and sent back, such as fordisplay on a panel display. For example, where the piece of laboratoryequipment comprises a power supply, the read request may be to read apresent voltage, current and power being drawn from the power supply. Inanother example, where the piece of laboratory equipment comprises aturbidity sensor, the read request may be to read a present turbiditylevel. Such an operation may be triggered either manually, for example,with a user selecting a read command, such as by using a read button ona panel display, it may be triggered at preset intervals, or it may betriggered upon execution of a predetermined list of commands. Thus, invarious embodiments, the event associated with a read request may betriggered by user input, the completion of certain events or the passageof a predetermined length of time.

In some embodiments, a command may be interpreted as belonging to acategory “not permitted”. Commands of various categories, such as a “notpermitted” category, may be automatically aborted. Users may be givendifferent levels of permission. Permission levels may be determined byan administrator and may be stored in the system. In some embodiments, auser may be presented with a dialog box regarding the user'spermissions. In some embodiments, a particular command or set ofcommands may be not permitted if execution of the commands, given thepresent state of the laboratory equipment, is likely to damage theequipment or cause other problems. Further examples for remote controlsof laboratory equipment are discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,041,437, whichis herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Standard Integration—SiLA Integration

In various embodiments, the computer systems of the invention may beconfigured for rapid Standardization in Lab Automation (SiLA)Integration. In particular, SiLA defined device classes, for the mostcommonly used device types in the lab automation environment may betargeted. For each device class, a common set of commands, event-,status- and error-classes may be defined. All major device functions canbe programmable through common commands. In some embodiments, specificcommands, extending the Common Command Set may be provided, for exampleby the supplier of the device or by an independent user. Specificcommands may be designed to comply with the guidelines for commanddefinition standards of SiLA. SiLA compliant devices may be chosen. Invarious embodiments, devices are capable to provide information abouttheir device class, configuration, Common Command Set, and theirspecific commands upon request. Standardized formats and structuresaccording to SiLA may be used by devices to provide data. Device setupfor applied labware may be supported by standardized labwarespecifications, for example as provided by labware manufacturers.

Ad-Hoc Systems

Small automation systems can be assembled for a specific task providinglaboratory users with tremendous flexibility. These systems may beassembled permanently, semi-permanently or temporarily. In some cases,such ad-hoc systems might consist of only a few instruments, fromdifferent providers.

Device Interface Standards

Well established, commonly accepted device interface standards may beused to ease automation and integration of systems. In some embodiments,the SiLA device interface standard may be used. Standards may focus ondefining interfaces and protocols to interconnect any lab equipment toany control application, for example a SiLA enabled control application.In some embodiments, devices can be controlled through a common commandset, such as the SiLA common command set. Standards may be applied tocustom systems. In some cases, standards may be incorporated tocommercially available components of a system that can be obtainedmodularly from one or more suppliers.

In some embodiments, a software wrapper may translate native devicedrivers into a standard command structure, such as a SiLA compatiblecommand structure. Software wrappers may be implemented without changingthe hardware.

In some embodiments, interface converter hardware with specific protocolconverter software is be connected to the native hardware interface, toencapsulate the device, providing high compatibility with standards,such as SiLA.

Data Interface and Labware Specification Standards

In some embodiments, standard data interfaces, such as XML based formatsare implemented.

Properties of labware that are used with the systems of the inventionmay be specified using a standard parameter set, for example and XMLbased parameter set such as the set used by SiLA.

The need for the user to enter information on labware may be eliminatedby using a standardized parameter set for labware.

Users integrating devices from different suppliers in a laboratoryenvironment may utilize standardized data interfaces, labwarespecification standards, and device interfaces supporting common commandsets, such as the SiLA device interfaces, to ease of integration insingular or networked computer systems. Existing instruments can beassembled into new configurations, often saving expenses on newequipment, drivers, and time. In some embodiments, open data exchangestandard formats supported by the data capturing components enable inputand output of data with ease.

14. Online Tracking of Reagent Use—Targeted Marketing for Reagent/SupplyOrders

Various embodiments of the invention allow for tracking reagent useand/or stock level locally or at a remote location. Reagents can besupplied according to stock levels. For example, alerts can be createdwhen the stock level of a particular reagent falls below a certainlevel. The rate of reagent use can be taken into account to determine anestimated time of depletion for a particular reagent. The alert may besent to a user of the system for purchasing of reagents. Alternatively,preapproved purchasing decisions can be automatically carried outthrough a connected supplier site. A networked vendor can ship desiredreagents automatically or upon user approval with or without a marginabove third party suppliers.

In some embodiments, the control systems operating the automatedsolution dispenser may keep a log comprising information regardingprepared solutions, either locally or in a remote location. In someembodiments, the log comprises complete solution descriptions fromusers, including, for example, volume, ingredients, concentrations, pH,and temperature. In some embodiments, the total used weight or volume ofparticular ingredients are tracked either locally or remotely. Thedesired ingredients may be linked to one or more suppliers providing thedesired ingredients, for example through a web interface or otherordering system. In some embodiments, users may be enabled to compareprices from various suppliers for a desired ingredient and/or buy thedesired ingredient through the system. In some embodiments, the systemmay require a supplier to register in order to link desired ingredientsto the supplier. In some embodiments, supplier registration may beallowed for a fee. In some embodiments, the supplier links areautomatically provided, when the stock level of a desired ingredient isbelow a specified level. The specified levels may be supplied by a useror may be preset in the system by the manufacturer. The preset valuesmay further be changed according to updates from a networked computer.

The systems of the present invention may store billing information for agiven user enabling ordering of parts, ingredients, and even servicingor maintenance of an instrument. For example, the automated solutiondispenser or a different piece of laboratory equipment may output anerror code. The error code may recommend the user to service theinstrument. Alternatively, the error code can be sent to centralizedmaintenance personnel. The centralized maintenance personnel can addressthe problem and may decide to fix it with or without cost to the user.The computer systems of the invention may be configured such that a usermay contact a vendor for service. In some embodiments, a user is enabledto purchase an instrument part or desired ingredient through the system.For example, the level of a stock ingredient may fall below a certainlevel and a system alert is created. The alert further activates anautomated display of a user alert communicating the level of a desiredingredient. Further, links to one or more suppliers offering the desiredingredients are displayed enabling the user to put an order for thedesired ingredient. In some embodiments, a desired ingredient ispurchased automatically from a predefined supplier without requiringfurther input and/or approval from a user.

The systems described herein can further be integrated with variousEnterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. Permissions for theutilization of the systems and/or ordering of services and parts can bemanaged by various ERPs.

The methods and systems of the invention described herein allow forautomated or user triggered delivery of reagents. In some embodiments,said delivery is initiated by a transaction for reagents that are undera stock alert. An intermediate vendor may set up delivery of the reagentcharging a marginal fee or percentage over a primary vendor. In someembodiments, the user is allowed to choose the primary vendor. The usermay save purchasing settings for one or more reagents in the system, thesettings including, but not limited to primary vendor choice, size ofdelivery, and stock alert settings, such as threshold amount, and rateof consumption.

A variety of consumables can be tracked with the inventory managementsystems described herein, either locally or remotely, for example usingthe cloud systems connected to the control systems of the automatedsolution dispensers. Consumables, whose consumption and/or ordering aremanaged, include but are not limited to water purification cartridges,filters, reagents for solution preparation, replacement parts for theautomated solution dispenser and any other suitable parts necessary forthe operation of the automated solution dispenser for preparingsolutions. In some embodiments, the control system and/or the networkedcomputers, for example the cloud systems described herein, recognizescheduled experiments and/or predict upcoming experiments based on theuser provided solution orders. Based on scheduled or predictedexperiments, orders for necessary or complementary consumables suitablefor the experiment can be ordered through the ordering systems describedherein. The ordering systems may calculate order processing times,delivery times and/or any buffer times for the timely delivery ofconsumables.

15. Finetuned Solution Recipes from Tracking Instrument Operation

Systems and methods of the invention further allow for tracking thesolution making parameters from one or more automated solutiondispensers. Data collected during the preparation of a solution can becompiled to refine the solution making instructions for a given solutionrecipe, for example 2M GdnHCl at pH 5.

In some embodiments, instrument specifications to make a specifiedsolution, such as a user ordered solution, may be tracked over time andbe optimized according to sensor output. For example, iterativeprotocols to achieve desired final solution compositions may need to befollowed for making a given solution for the first time. Upon preparingthe same recipe one or more times, the system may recognize that certainsteps can be removed or combined with others. For example, total volumesof acid or base additions to pH a solution may be stored reducing timeand the number of steps it takes to reach a desired pH. In anotherexample, temperature and/or pH values sufficiently suitable forsolubilizing a solid in a liquid may be stored in the system, based onprevious solution preparation data. Over time, stored values forparameters may be optimized when even better results are obtained usingdifferent values. In some embodiments, one or more automated solutiondispensers may have access to a networked computer to obtain optimizedvalues for various parameters. The optimized values themselves may becreated by aggregating data from multiple automated solution dispensersconnected to the networked computer.

16. Kits, Reagents and Recipes

In various embodiments, the automated solution dispenser preparesbuffered solutions. Such buffered solutions have many uses, including inmolecular and cell biology, biochemistry, crystallography and variousfields known to one skilled in the art, where a controlled pH iscritical. In some embodiments, a buffered solution is prepared at a pHthat is within 1, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1 pH unit or lessfrom the plc (acid dissociation constant at logarithmic scale) of thebuffering agent. For example, a buffered solution can be prepared usingMES at pH 5.5-6.7,2-[Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol(Bis-Tris) at pH 5.8-7.2, ADA at pH 6.0-7.2, aces at pH 6.1-7.5, PIPESat pH 6.1-7.5, MOPSO at pH 6.2-7.6, Bis-Tris Propane at pH 6.3-9.5, BESat pH 6.4-7.8, MOPS at pH 6.5-7.9, HEPES at pH 6.8-8.2, DIPSO at pH7.0-8.2, MOBS at pH 6.9-8.3, TAPSO at pH 7.0-8.2,Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (TRIZMA) at pH 7.0-9.0,4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-(2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid) (HEPPSO)at pH 7.1-8.5, POPSO at pH 7.2-8.5, TEA at pH 7.3-8.3, EPPS at pH7.3-8.7, N-(2-Hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl)glycine (Tricine) atpH 7.4-8.8, Glycyl-glycine (Gly-Gly) at pH 7.5-8.9,2-(Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)acetic acid (Bicine) at pH 7.6-9.0, HEPBS atpH 7.6-9.0, TAPS at pH 7.7-9.1, AMPD at pH 7.8-9.7, TABS at pH 8.2-9.6,AMPSO at pH 8.3-9.7, CHES at pH 8.6-10.0, CAPSO at pH 8.9-10.3, AMP atpH 9.0-10.5, CAPS at pH 9.7-11.1, CABS at pH 10.0-11.4, or any otherbuffering agent at a pH that is within the buffering range of thebuffering agent.

In some embodiments, multiple buffering agents with differing plc can beused. Such buffering systems, such as citric acid—Na₂HPO₄ buffer system,possessing a suitable buffering capacity at a pH range of approximately2.6-7.61, are known to maintain their buffering capacity beyond morethan 1 pH unit of the plc of either agent. Additional examples ofmulti-agent buffering systems include the citric acid—sodium citratebuffer system at a pH between 3.0-6.2, Na₂HPO₄—NaH₂PO₄ buffer system ata pH between 5.8-8.0, or any other suitable system comprising multiplebuffering agents. In various embodiments, methods and systems of theinvention relate to recipes and instructions to prepare the bufferedsolutions described herein, instrumentation that is capable of preparingthe buffered solutions, and the processes related to the manufacturingof such solutions.

The temperature of buffer solutions may change the final pH of a desiredsolution. In some embodiments, the temperature of the buffer iscontrolled. Buffers may be prepared and used at specified temperaturesto minimize deviation from desired final pH values for solutions.

In some embodiments, the systems and methods described herein allow forpreparation of solutions at a pH value of about 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4,2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8,3.9, 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5.0, 5.1, 5.2,5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6,6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 8.0,8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, 9.0, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4,9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9, 10.0, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7,10.8, 10.9, 11.0, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, or 11.5

Solutions prepared by the automated solution dispenser may use aqueoussolvents, non-polar solvents, polar protic solvents, polar aproticsolvents, and/or organic solvents. Examples of solvents include, but arenot limited to non-polar solvents, such as pentane cyclopenaten, hexane,cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, 1,4-dioxane, chloroform, and diethylether, polar aprotic solvents, such as dichloromethane (DCM),tetrahydrofuran (THF), ethyl acetate, acetone, dimethylformamide (DMF),acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and propylene carbonate, andpolar protic solvents, such as formic acid, n-Butanol, isopropanol(IPA), n-propanol, ethanol, methanol, acetic acid, and water. In someembodiments, a prepared solution may have a dielectric constant or maycomprise a solvent with a dielectric constant that is greater that is ina range of 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50,50-60, 60-70, 70-80 or any other range having any of the dielectricconstant range as end points, for example 1-10, 2-4, 3-20, 15-50, 30-60,or 60-80.

Various embodiments of the invention relate to the preparation, storing,ordering, generation or improvement of kits reagents or solutionrecipes. In some embodiments, the automated solution dispenser maybeordered one or more of the solutions described herein, solutionscontaining one or more ingredients from one of the solutions describedherein, at specified pH and/or concentration or at a pH and/orconcentration within a range having any of the related pH andconcentration values as end points. Example solution descriptionsinclude:

Group 1:

1.0 M Citric acid pH 3.5; 1.0 M Citric acid pH 3.8; 1.0 M Citric acid pH4.1; 1.0 M Citric acid pH 4.4; 1.0 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydratepH 3.6; 1.0 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 3.9; 1.0 M Sodiumcitrate tribasic dihydrate pH 4.2; 1.0 M Sodium citrate tribasicdihydrate pH 4.5; 1.0 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 3.7; 1.0 M Sodiumacetate trihydrate pH 4.0; 1.0 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.3; 1.0 MSodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 1.0 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH4.9; 1.0 DL-Malic pH 4.7; 1.0 DL-Malic pH 5.0; 1.0 DL-Malic pH 5.3; 1.0DL-Malic pH 5.6; 1.0 DL-Malic pH 5.9; 1.0 M Succinic acid pH 4.8; 1.0 MSuccinic acid pH 5.1; 1.0 M Succinic acid pH 5.4; 1.0 M Succinic acid pH5.7; 1.0 M Succinic acid pH 6.0; 1.0 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH5.2; 1.0 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 5.5; 1.0 M Sodium cacodylatetrihydrate pH 5.8; 1.0 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.1; 1.0 MSodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.4; 1.0 MES monohydrate pH 5.3; 1.0 MESmonohydrate pH 5.6; 1.0 MES monohydrate pH 5.9; 1.0 MES monohydrate pH6.2; 1.0 MES monohydrate pH 6.5; 1.0 M BIS-TRIS pH 5.7; 1.0 M BIS-TRISpH 6.0; 1.0 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.3; 1.0 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.6; 1.0 M BIS-TRIS pH6.9; 1.0 M ADA pH 5.8; 1.0 M ADA pH 6.1; 1.0 M ADA pH 6.4; 1.0 M ADA pH6.7; 1.0 M ADA pH 7.0; 1.0 M Imidazole pH 6.2; 1.0 M Imidazole pH 6.5;1.0 M Imidazole pH 6.8; 1.0 M Imidazole pH 7.1; 1.0 M Imidazole pH 7.4;1.0 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 6.4; 1.0 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 6.7; 1.0 MBIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 1.0 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.3; 1.0 M MOPS pH6.5; 1.0 M MOPS pH 6.8; 1.0 M MOPS pH 7.1; 1.0 M MOPS pH 7.4; 1.0 M MOPSpH 7.7; 1.0 M HEPES sodium pH 6.6; 1.0 M HEPES sodium pH 6.9; 1.0 MHEPES sodium pH 7.2; 1.0 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5; 1.0 M HEPES pH 6.8; 1.0M HEPES pH 7.1; 1.0 M HEPES pH 7.4; 1.0 M HEPES pH 7.7; 1.0 M TRIShydrochloride pH 7.2; 1.0 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 7.5; 1.0 M TRIShydrochloride pH 7.8; 1.0 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.1; 1.0 M Tris pH7.3; 1.0 M Tris pH 7.6; 1.0 M Tris pH 7.9; 1.0 M Tris pH 8.2; 1.0 M TrispH 8.5; 1.0 M Tricine pH 7.4; 1.0 M Tricine pH 7.7; 1.0 M Tricine pH8.0; 1.0 M Tricine pH 8.3; 1.0 M Tricine pH 8.6; 1.0 M BICINE pH 7.5;1.0 M BICINE pH 7.8; 1.0 M BICINE pH 8.1; 1.0 M BICINE pH 8.4; 1.0 MBICINE pH 8.7; 1.0 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 8.5; 1.0 M BIS-TRIS propane pH8.8; 1.0 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 9.1; 1.0 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 9.4; 1.0 MGlycine pH 8.6; 1.0 M Glycine pH 8.9; 1.0 M Glycine pH 9.2; 1.0 MGlycine pH 9.5; 1.0 M AMPD pH 8.7; 1.0 M AMPD pH 9.0; 1.0M AMPD pH 9.3;1.0M AMPD pH 9.6.

Group 2:

0.1 M Citric acid pH 3.5, 2.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate pH 4.5, 2.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 5.5, 2.0 MAmmonium sulfate; 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 2.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 MHEPES pH 7.5, 2.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5, 2.0 M Ammoniumsulfate; 0.1 M Citric acid pH 3.5, 3.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M Sodiumacetate trihydrate pH 4.5, 3.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 5.5,3.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 3.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1M HEPES pH 7.5, 3.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5, 3.0 M Sodiumchloride; 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 5.5, 0.3 M Magnesium formate dihydrate; 0.1M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 0.5 M Magnesium formate dihydrate; 0.1 M HEPES pH7.5, 0.5 M Magnesium formate dihydrate; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5, 0.3 MMagnesium formate dihydrate; 1.4 M Sodium phosphate monobasicmonohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 5.6; 1.4 M Sodium phosphatemonobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 6.9; 1.4 M Sodiumphosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 8.2; 0.1M HEPES pH 7.5, 1.4 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate; 1.8 M Ammoniumcitrate tribasic pH 7.0; 0.8 M Succinic acid pH 7.0; 2.1 M DL-Malic acidpH 7.0; 2.8 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 7.0; 3.5 M Sodium formate pH7.0; 1.1 M Ammonium tartrate dibasic pH 7.0; 2.4 M Sodium malonate pH7.0; 35% v/v Tacsimate pH 7.0; 60% v/v Tacsimate pH 7.0; 0.1 M Sodiumchloride, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 1.5 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.8 M Potassiumsodium tartrate tetrahydrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5, 0.5% w/v Polyethyleneglycol monomethyl ether 5,000; 1.0 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH5.5, 1% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 1.1 M Sodium malonate pH 7.0, 0.1M HEPES pH 7.0, 0.5% v/v Jeffamine ED-2001 pH 7.0; 1.0 M Succinic acidpH 7.0, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 1% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether2,000; 1.0 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 0.5% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 8,000; 15% v/v Tacsimate pH 7.0, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 2% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 1,500; 0.1 MHEPES pH 7.0, 30% v/v Jeffamine M-600 pH 7.0; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 30%v/v Jeffamine ED-2001 pH 7.0; 0.1 M Citric acid pH 3.5, 25% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.5, 25%w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 5.5, 25% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 25% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1M Tris pH 8.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5,20% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 5,000; 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH6.5, 28% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2,000; 0.2 M Calciumchloride dihydrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 5.5, 45% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.2 M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.1 MBIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 45% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.2 M Ammoniumacetate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 5.5, 45% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol;0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 45% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 M HEPES pH7.5, 45% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1M Tris pH 8.5, 45% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.05 M Calciumchloride dihydrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 30% v/v Polyethylene glycolmonomethyl ether 550; 0.05 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M HEPESpH 7.5, 30% v/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 550; 0.2 MPotassium chloride, 0.05 M HEPES pH 7.5, 35% v/v Pentaerythritolpropoxylate (5/4 PO/OH); 0.05 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.05 M BIS-TRIS pH6.5, 30% v/v Pentaerythritol ethoxylate (15/4 EO/OH); 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH6.5, 45% v/v Polypropylene glycol P 400; 0.02 M Magnesium chloridehexahydrate, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 22% w/v Polyacrylic acid sodium salt5,100; 0.01 M Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5, 20%w/v Polyvinylpyrrolidone K 15; 0.2 M L-Proline, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 10%w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate,0.1 M Tris pH 8.5, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2,000;5% v/v Tacsimate pH 7.0, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycolmonomethyl ether 5,000; 0.005 M Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate, 0.005 MNickel(II) chloride hexahydrate, 0.005 M Cadmium chloride hydrate, 0.005M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 12% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH5.5, 17% w/v Polyethylene glycol 10,000; 0.2 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 MBIS-TRIS pH 5.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Ammoniumsulfate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 MAmmonium sulfate, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;0.2 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol3,350; 0.2 M Sodium chloride, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 5.5, 25% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodium chloride, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5,25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodium chloride, 0.1 M HEPES pH7.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodium chloride, 0.1 MTris pH 8.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Lithium sulfatemonohydrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 5.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;0.2 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 25% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 MHEPES pH 7.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Lithium sulfatemonohydrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 MAmmonium acetate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 5.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol3,350; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 25% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5,25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 M Tris pH8.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Magnesium chloridehexahydrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 5.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;0.2 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 25% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 MHEPES pH 7.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Magnesiumchloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol3,350; 0.2 M Potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodium malonate pH 7.0, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Ammonium citrate tribasic pH 7.0, 20%w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 M Succinic acid pH 7.0, 15% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodium formate, 20% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 0.15 M DL-Malic acid pH 7.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol3,350; 0.1 M Magnesium formate dihydrate, 15% w/v Polyethylene glycol3,350; 0.05 M Zinc acetate dihydrate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;0.2 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol3,350; 0.1 M Potassium thiocyanate, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycolmonomethyl ether 2,000; 0.15 M Potassium bromide, 30% w/v Polyethyleneglycol monomethyl ether 2,000.

Group 3:

0.1 M Citric acid pH 3.5, 2.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate pH 4.5, 2.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 5.5, 2.0 MAmmonium sulfate; 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 2.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 MHEPES pH 7.5, 2.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5, 2.0 M Ammoniumsulfate; 0.1 M Citric acid pH 3.5, 3.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M Sodiumacetate trihydrate pH 4.5, 3.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 5.5,3.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 3.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1M HEPES pH 7.5, 3.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5, 3.0 M Sodiumchloride; 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 5.5, 0.3 M Magnesium formate dihydrate; 0.1M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 0.5 M Magnesium formate dihydrate; 0.1 M HEPES pH7.5, 0.5 M Magnesium formate dihydrate; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5, 0.3 MMagnesium formate dihydrate; 1.4 M Sodium phosphate monobasicmonohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 5.6; 1.4 M Sodium phosphatemonobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 6.9; 1.4 M Sodiumphosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 8.2; 0.1M HEPES pH 7.5, 1.4 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate; 1.8 M Ammoniumcitrate tribasic pH 7.0; 0.8 M Succinic acid pH 7.0; 2.1 M DL-Malic acidpH 7.0; 2.8 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 7.0; 3.5 M Sodium formate pH7.0; 1.1 M Ammonium tartrate dibasic pH 7.0; 2.4 M Sodium malonate pH7.0; 35% v/v Tacsimate pH 7.0; 60% v/v Tacsimate pH 7.0; 0.1 M Sodiumchloride, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 1.5 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.8 M Potassiumsodium tartrate tetrahydrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5, 0.5% w/v Polyethyleneglycol monomethyl ether 5,000; 1.0 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH5.5, 1% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 1.1 M Sodium malonate pH 7.0, 0.1M HEPES pH 7.0, 0.5% v/v Jeffamine ED-2001 pH 7.0; 1.0 M Succinic acidpH 7.0, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 1% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether2,000; 1.0 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 0.5% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 8,000; 15% v/v Tacsimate pH 7.0, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 2% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 1,500; 0.1 MHEPES pH 7.0, 30% v/v Jeffamine M-600 pH 7.0; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 30%v/v Jeffamine ED-2001 pH 7.0; 0.1 M Citric acid pH 3.5, 25% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.5, 25%w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 5.5, 25% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 25% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1M Tris pH 8.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5,20% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 5,000; 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH6.5, 28% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2,000; 0.2 M Calciumchloride dihydrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 5.5, 45% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.2 M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.1 MBIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 45% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.2 M Ammoniumacetate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 5.5, 45% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol;0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 45% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 M HEPES pH7.5, 45% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1M Tris pH 8.5, 45% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.05 M Calciumchloride dihydrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 30% v/v Polyethylene glycolmonomethyl ether 550; 0.05 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M HEPESpH 7.5, 30% v/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 550; 0.2 MPotassium chloride, 0.05 M HEPES pH 7.5, 35% v/v Pentaerythritolpropoxylate (5/4 PO/OH); 0.05 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.05 M BIS-TRIS pH6.5, 30% v/v Pentaerythritol ethoxylate (15/4 EO/OH); 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH6.5, 45% v/v Polypropylene glycol P 400; 0.02 M Magnesium chloridehexahydrate, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 22% w/v Polyacrylic acid sodium salt5,100; 0.01 M Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5, 20%w/v Polyvinylpyrrolidone K 15; 0.2 M L-Proline, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 10%w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate,0.1 M Tris pH 8.5, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2,000;5% v/v Tacsimate pH 7.0, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycolmonomethyl ether 5,000; 0.005 M Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate, 0.005 MNickel(II) chloride hexahydrate, 0.005 M Cadmium chloride hydrate, 0.005M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 12% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH5.5, 17% w/v Polyethylene glycol 10,000; 0.2 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 MBIS-TRIS pH 5.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Ammoniumsulfate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 MAmmonium sulfate, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;0.2 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol3,350; 0.2 M Sodium chloride, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 5.5, 25% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodium chloride, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5,25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodium chloride, 0.1 M HEPES pH7.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodium chloride, 0.1 MTris pH 8.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Lithium sulfatemonohydrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 5.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;0.2 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 25% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 MHEPES pH 7.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Lithium sulfatemonohydrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 MAmmonium acetate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 5.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol3,350; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 25% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5,25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 M Tris pH8.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Magnesium chloridehexahydrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 5.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;0.2 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 25% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 MHEPES pH 7.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Magnesiumchloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol3,350; 0.2 M Potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodium malonate pH 7.0, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Ammonium citrate tribasic pH 7.0, 20%w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 M Succinic acid pH 7.0, 15% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodium formate, 20% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 0.15 M DL-Malic acid pH 7.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol3,350; 0.1 M Magnesium formate dihydrate, 15% w/v Polyethylene glycol3,350; 0.05 M Zinc acetate dihydrate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;0.2 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol3,350; 0.1 M Potassium thiocyanate, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycolmonomethyl ether 2,000; 0.15 M Potassium bromide, 30% w/v Polyethyleneglycol monomethyl ether 2,000.

Group 4:

0.02 M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH4.6, 30% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.4 M Potassium sodiumtartrate tetrahydrate; 0.4 M Ammonium phosphate monobasic; 0.1 M TRIShydrochloride pH 8.5, 2.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.2 M Sodium citratetribasic dihydrate, 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 30% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.2 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate,0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.1M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 1.4 M Sodium acetate trihydrate;0.2 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, 0.1 M Sodium cacodylatetrihydrate pH 6.5, 30% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 MSodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol4,000; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6,30% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasicdihydrate pH 5.6, 1.0 M Ammonium phosphate monobasic; 0.2 M Magnesiumchloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 30% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.2M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5,30% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.2 M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.1 MHEPES sodium pH 7.5, 28% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.2 M Ammoniumsulfate, 0.1 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 30% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 8,000; 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 1.5 M Lithium sulfatemonohydrate; 0.2 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloridepH 8.5, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.2 M Magnesium acetatetetrahydrate, 0.1 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 M TRIShydrochloride pH 8.5, 30% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.2 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 MSodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.2M Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, 0.1 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH6.5, 30% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.2 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate, 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol4,000; 0.2 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5,30% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.2 M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.1 MSodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 20% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.1 M Imidazole pH6.5, 1.0 M Sodium acetate trihydrate; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 MSodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 30% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.2 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate,0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 20% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.2 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate, 0.1 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 30% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 0.8 M Potassiumsodium tartrate tetrahydrate; 0.2 M Ammonium sulfate, 30% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.2 M Ammonium sulfate, 30% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 4,000; 2.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 4.0 M Sodium formate; 0.1 M Sodiumacetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 2.0 M Sodium formate; 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH7.5, 0.8 M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, 0.8 M Potassiumphosphate monobasic; 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 8% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 8%w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 1.4 M Sodiumcitrate tribasic dihydrate; 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 2% v/vPolyethylene glycol 400, 2.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M Sodium citratetribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 20% v/v 2-Propanol, 20% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 4,000; 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 10% v/v 2-Propanol, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.05 M Potassium phosphate monobasic, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000; 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol 1,500; 0.2 MMagnesium formate dihydrate; 0.2 M Zinc acetate dihydrate, 0.1 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 18% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.2 MCalcium acetate hydrate, 0.1 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 18%w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6,2.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 2.0 M Ammoniumphosphate monobasic; 1.0 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 2% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.5 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 15% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000.

Group 5:

0.02 M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH4.6, 30% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.4 M Potassium sodiumtartrate tetrahydrate; 0.4 M Ammonium phosphate monobasic; 0.1 M TRIShydrochloride pH 8.5, 2.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.2 M Sodium citratetribasic dihydrate, 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 30% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.2 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate,0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.1M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 1.4 M Sodium acetate trihydrate;0.2 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, 0.1 M Sodium cacodylatetrihydrate pH 6.5, 30% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 MSodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol4,000; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6,30% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasicdihydrate pH 5.6, 1.0 M Ammonium phosphate monobasic; 0.2 M Magnesiumchloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 30% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.2M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5,30% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.2 M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.1 MHEPES sodium pH 7.5, 28% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.2 M Ammoniumsulfate, 0.1 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 30% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 8,000; 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 1.5 M Lithium sulfatemonohydrate; 0.2 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloridepH 8.5, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.2 M Magnesium acetatetetrahydrate, 0.1 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 M TRIShydrochloride pH 8.5, 30% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.2 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 MSodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.2M Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, 0.1 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH6.5, 30% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.2 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate, 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol4,000; 0.2 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5,30% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.2 M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.1 MSodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 20% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.1 M Imidazole pH6.5, 1.0 M Sodium acetate trihydrate; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 MSodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 30% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.2 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate,0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 20% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.2 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate, 0.1 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 30% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 0.8 M Potassiumsodium tartrate tetrahydrate; 0.2 M Ammonium sulfate, 30% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.2 M Ammonium sulfate, 30% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 4,000; 2.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 4.0 M Sodium formate; 0.1 M Sodiumacetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 2.0 M Sodium formate; 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH7.5, 0.8 M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, 0.8 M Potassiumphosphate monobasic; 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 8% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 8%w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 1.4 M Sodiumcitrate tribasic dihydrate; 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 2% v/vPolyethylene glycol 400, 2.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M Sodium citratetribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 20% v/v 2-Propanol, 20% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 4,000; 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 10% v/v 2-Propanol, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.05 M Potassium phosphate monobasic, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000; 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol 1,500; 0.2 MMagnesium formate dihydrate; 0.2 M Zinc acetate dihydrate, 0.1 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 18% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.2 MCalcium acetate hydrate, 0.1 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 18%w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6,2.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 2.0 M Ammoniumphosphate monobasic; 2.0 M Sodium chloride, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol6,000; 0.5 M Sodium chloride, 0.01 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate,0.01 M Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide; 25% v/v Ethylene glycol; 35%v/v 1,4-Dioxane; 2.0 M Ammonium sulfate, 5% v/v 2-Propanol; 1.0 MImidazole pH 7.0; 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 1,000, 10% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000; 1.5 M Sodium chloride, 10% v/v Ethanol; 0.1 MSodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 2.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.2 M Sodiumchloride, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 30% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.01 M Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate,0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 1.0 M 1,6-Hexanediol; 0.1 MCadmium chloride hydrate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 30%v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.2 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M Sodiumacetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether2,000; 0.2 M Potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate, 0.1 M Sodiumcitrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 2.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.5 MAmmonium sulfate, 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 1.0 MLithium sulfate monohydrate; 0.5 M Sodium chloride, 0.1 M Sodium citratetribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 2% v/v Ethylene imine polymer; 0.1 M Sodiumcitrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 35% v/v tert-Butanol; 0.01 MIron(III) chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydratepH 5.6, 10% v/v Jeffamine M-600; 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydratepH 5.6, 2.5 M 1,6-Hexanediol; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.5, 1.6 MMagnesium sulfate heptahydrate; 0.1 M Sodium phosphate monobasicmonohydrate, 0.1 M Potassium phosphate monobasic, 0.1 M MES monohydratepH 6.5, 2.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.5, 12% w/vPolyethylene glycol 20,000; 1.6 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M MESmonohydrate pH 6.5, 10% v/v 1,4-Dioxane; 0.05 M Cesium chloride, 0.1 MMES monohydrate pH 6.5, 30% v/v Jeffamine M-600; 0.01 M Cobalt(II)chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.5, 1.8 M Ammoniumsulfate; 0.2 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.5, 30% w/vPolyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 5,000; 0.01 M Zinc sulfateheptahydrate, 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.5, 25% v/v Polyethylene glycolmonomethyl ether 550; 1.6 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 6.5;0.5 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 30% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 10% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 6,000, 5% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5,20% v/v Jeffamine M-600; 0.1 M Sodium chloride, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 1.6M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 2.0 M Ammonium formate; 0.05 MCadmium sulfate hydrate, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 1.0 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 70% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol;0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 4.3 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 8% v/vEthylene glycol, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5,20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 10,000; 0.2 M Magnesium chloridehexahydrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5, 3.4 M 1,6-Hexanediol; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5,25% v/v tert-Butanol; 0.01 M Nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M TrispH 8.5, 1.0 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate; 1.5 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 MTris pH 8.5, 12% v/v Glycerol; 0.2 M Ammonium phosphate monobasic, 0.1 MTris pH 8.5, 50% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5,20% v/v Ethanol; 0.01 M Nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M Tris pH8.5, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2,000; 0.1 M Sodiumchloride, 0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 20% v/v Polyethylene glycol monomethylether 550; 0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 2.0 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate;0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 2% v/v 1,4-Dioxane, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol20,000.

Group 6:

2.0 M Sodium chloride, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.5 M Sodiumchloride, 0.01 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.01 MHexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide; 25% v/v Ethylene glycol; 35% v/v1,4-Dioxane; 2.0 M Ammonium sulfate, 5% v/v 2-Propanol; 1.0 M ImidazolepH 7.0; 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 1,000, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol8,000; 1.5 M Sodium chloride, 10% v/v Ethanol; 0.1 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate pH 4.6, 2.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.2 M Sodium chloride, 0.1 MSodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 30% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.01 M Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate,0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 1.0 M 1,6-Hexanediol; 0.1 MCadmium chloride hydrate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 30%v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.2 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M Sodiumacetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether2,000; 0.2 M Potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate, 0.1 M Sodiumcitrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 2.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.5 MAmmonium sulfate, 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 1.0 MLithium sulfate monohydrate; 0.5 M Sodium chloride, 0.1 M Sodium citratetribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 2% v/v Ethylene imine polymer; 0.1 M Sodiumcitrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 35% v/v tert-Butanol; 0.01 MIron(III) chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydratepH 5.6, 10% v/v Jeffamine M-600; 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydratepH 5.6, 2.5 M 1,6-Hexanediol; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.5, 1.6 MMagnesium sulfate heptahydrate; 0.1 M Sodium phosphate monobasicmonohydrate, 0.1 M Potassium phosphate monobasic, 0.1 M MES monohydratepH 6.5, 2.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.5, 12% w/vPolyethylene glycol 20,000; 1.6 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M MESmonohydrate pH 6.5, 10% v/v 1,4-Dioxane; 0.05 M Cesium chloride, 0.1 MMES monohydrate pH 6.5, 30% v/v Jeffamine M-600; 0.01 M Cobalt(II)chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.5, 1.8 M Ammoniumsulfate; 0.2 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.5, 30% w/vPolyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 5,000; 0.01 M Zinc sulfateheptahydrate, 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.5, 25% v/v Polyethylene glycolmonomethyl ether 550; 1.6 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 6.5;0.5 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 30% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 10% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 6,000, 5% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5,20% v/v Jeffamine M-600; 0.1 M Sodium chloride, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 1.6M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 2.0 M Ammonium formate; 0.05 MCadmium sulfate hydrate, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 1.0 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 70% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol;0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 4.3 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 8% v/vEthylene glycol, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5,20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 10,000; 0.2 M Magnesium chloridehexahydrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5, 3.4 M 1,6-Hexanediol; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5,25% v/v tert-Butanol; 0.01 M Nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M TrispH 8.5, 1.0 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate; 1.5 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 MTris pH 8.5, 12% v/v Glycerol; 0.2 M Ammonium phosphate monobasic, 0.1 MTris pH 8.5, 50% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5,20% v/v Ethanol; 0.01 M Nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M Tris pH8.5, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2,000; 0.1 M Sodiumchloride, 0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 20% v/v Polyethylene glycol monomethylether 550; 0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 2.0 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate;0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 2% v/v 1,4-Dioxane, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol20,000.

Group 7:

0.1 M Citric acid pH 3.5, 34% v/v Polyethylene glycol 200; 0.1 M Sodiumcitrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.5, 38% v/v Polyethylene glycol 200; 0.1M HEPES pH 7.5, 42% v/v Polyethylene glycol 200; 0.1 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate pH 4.5, 30% v/v Polyethylene glycol 300; 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH6.5, 25% v/v Polyethylene glycol 300; 0.1 M BICINE pH 8.5, 20% v/vPolyethylene glycol 300; 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.0, 15% v/vPolyethylene glycol 400; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 22% v/vPolyethylene glycol 400; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.0, 30% v/v Polyethylene glycol400; 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.0, 30% v/vPolyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 550; 0.1 M Imidazole pH 7.0, 25%v/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 550; 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH9.0, 20% v/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 550; 0.1 M Sodiumacetate trihydrate pH 4.0, 10% v/v Jeffamine® M-600® pH 7.0; 0.1 M MESmonohydrate pH 6.0, 20% v/v Jeffamine® M-600® pH 7.0; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.0,30% v/v Jeffamine® M-600® pH 7.0; 0.1 M Citric acid pH 3.5, 14% w/vPolyethylene glycol 1,000; 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH5.5, 22% w/v Polyethylene glycol 1,000; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 30% w/vPolyethylene glycol 1,000; 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.5, 30%w/v Polyethylene glycol 1,500; 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 1,500; 0.1 M BICINE pH 8.5, 15% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 1,500; 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.0, 10% w/vPolyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2,000; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH6.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2,000; 0.1 M Tris pH8.0, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2,000; 0.1 M Sodiumcitrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.0, 30% v/v Jeffamine® ED-2001 pH 7.0;0.1 M Imidazole pH 7.0, 20% v/v Jeffamine® ED-2001 pH 7.0; 0.1 MBIS-TRIS propane pH 9.0, 10% v/v Jeffamine® ED-2001 pH 7.0; 0.1 M Citricacid pH 3.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 M Sodium citratetribasic dihydrate pH 5.5, 18% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 MHEPES pH 7.5, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate pH 4.0, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.1 M MESmonohydrate pH 6.0, 14% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.1 M Tris pH8.0, 28% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydratepH 4.5, 30% Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 5,000; 0.1 M BIS-TRISpH 6.5, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 5,000; 0.1 M BICINEpH 8.5, 8% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 5,000; 0.1 M Sodiumcitrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.0, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000;0.1 M Imidazole pH 7.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 MBIS-TRIS propane pH 9.0, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M Citricacid pH 3.5, 28% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.1 M Sodium citratetribasic dihydrate pH 5.5, 16% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.1 MHEPES pH 7.5, 4% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.1 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate pH 4.5, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 10,000; 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH6.5, 16% w/v Polyethylene glycol 10,000; 0.1 M BICINE pH 8.5, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 10,000; 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH5.0, 18% w/v Polyethylene glycol 20,000; 0.1 M Imidazole pH 7.0, 12% w/vPolyethylene glycol 20,000; 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 9.0, 8% w/vPolyethylene glycol 20,000.

Group 8:

0.8 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH4.0, 4% v/v Polyethylene glycol 200; 0.2 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate,0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.0, 26% v/v Polyethyleneglycol 200; 0.05 M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH6.0, 45% v/v Polyethylene glycol 200; 28% v/v 2-Propanol, 0.1 M BIS-TRISpH 6.5, 3% v/v Polyethylene glycol 200; 20% v/v Tacsimate pH 7.0, 0.1 MHEPES pH 7.5, 2% v/v Polyethylene glycol 200; 10% v/v 2-Propanol, 0.1 MSodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.0, 26% v/v Polyethylene glycol400; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH5.5, 24% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.2 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 MBIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 18% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.19 mM CYMAL®-7, 0.1M HEPES pH 7.5, 40% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 6% v/v 2-Propanol, 0.1M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.5, 26% v/v Polyethylene glycolmonomethyl ether 550; 1.8 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 2%v/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 550; 0.15 M DL-Malic acid pH7.0, 0.1 M Imidazole pH 7.0, 22% v/v Polyethylene glycol monomethylether 550; 0.1 M Succinic acid pH 7.0, 0.1 M BICINE pH 8.5, 30% v/vPolyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 550; 0.1 M Lithium sulfatemonohydrate, 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.5, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 1,000; 0.1 M Sodium malonate pH 8.0, 0.1 M Tris pH8.0, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol 1,000; 4% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.1 M Citric acid pH 3.5, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 1,500; 0.2 M L-Proline, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 24% w/vPolyethylene glycol 1,500; 10% v/v 2-Propanol, 0.1 M BICINE pH 8.5, 30%w/v Polyethylene glycol 1,500; 0.1 M Sodium chloride, 0.1 M BIS-TRISpropane pH 9.0, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 1,500; 0.02 M Nickel(II)chloride hexahydrate, 0.02 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.02 MCadmium chloride hydrate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.5, 24%w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2,000; 20% v/v 2-Propanol, 0.1M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether2,000; 0.2 M Ammonium citrate tribasic pH 7.0, 0.1 M Imidazole pH 7.0,20% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2,000; 4.0 M Potassiumformate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 9.0, 2% w/v Polyethylene glycolmonomethyl ether 2,000; 50% v/v Tacsimate pH 4.0, 0.1 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate pH 4.5, 1% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.10% w/vn-Octyl-β-D-glucoside, 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.5,22% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 2% v/v Tacsimate pH 7.0, 5% v/v2-Propanol, 0.1 M Imidazole pH 7.0, 8% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 2%v/v 1,4-Dioxane, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.0, 15% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;18% v/v 2-Propanol, 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.5, 20%w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 6% v/v Tacsimate pH 6.0, 0.1 M MESmonohydrate pH 6.0, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.2 M Magnesiumformate dihydrate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.0, 18% w/vPolyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 5,000; 2% v/v Polyethylene glycol400, 0.1 M Imidazole pH 7.0, 24% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethylether 5,000; 0.2 M Sodium formate, 0.1 M BICINE pH 8.5, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 5,000; 4% v/v 2-Propanol, 0.1 MBIS-TRIS propane pH 9.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether5,000; 6% v/v Ethylene glycol, 0.1 M Citric acid pH 3.5, 10% w/vPolyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.15 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 MCitric acid pH 3.5, 18% Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 10% v/v 2-Propanol,0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.0, 22% w/v Polyethylene glycol6,000; 0.2 M Sodium chloride, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.0,22% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000; 20% v/v 2-Propanol, 0.1 M Tris pH8.0, 5% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000; 10% v/v Polyethylene glycol 200,0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 9.0, 18% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000; 15%v/v 2-Propanol, 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.0, 10% w/vPolyethylene glycol 10,000; 0.4 M Sodium malonate pH 6.0, 0.1 M MESmonohydrate pH 6.0, 0.5% w/v Polyethylene glycol 10,000; 0.2 M Potassiumsodium tartrate tetrahydrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 10% w/vPolyethylene glycol 10,000; 5% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.1 MHEPES pH 7.5, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 10,000; 0.2 M Ammoniumacetate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.0, 16% w/v Polyethylene glycol 10,000; 5% v/v2-Propanol, 0.1 M Citric acid pH 3.5, 6% w/v Polyethylene glycol 20,000;1.0 M Sodium malonate pH 5.0, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.5, 2%w/v Polyethylene glycol 20,000; 0.2 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate,0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.0, 10% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 20,000; 3% w/v Dextran sulfate sodium salt, 0.1 M BICINE pH 8.5,15% w/v Polyethylene glycol 20,000.

Group 9:

0.1 M Citric acid pH 3.5, 34% v/v Polyethylene glycol 200; 0.1 M Sodiumcitrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.5, 38% v/v Polyethylene glycol 200; 0.1M HEPES pH 7.5, 42% v/v Polyethylene glycol 200; 0.1 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate pH 4.5, 30% v/v Polyethylene glycol 300; 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH6.5, 25% v/v Polyethylene glycol 300; 0.1 M BICINE pH 8.5, 20% v/vPolyethylene glycol 300; 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.0, 15% v/vPolyethylene glycol 400; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 22% v/vPolyethylene glycol 400; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.0, 30% v/v Polyethylene glycol400; 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.0, 30% v/vPolyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 550; 0.1 M Imidazole pH 7.0, 25%v/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 550; 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH9.0, 20% v/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 550; 0.1 M Sodiumacetate trihydrate pH 4.0, 10% v/v Jeffamine® M-600® pH 7.0; 0.1 M MESmonohydrate pH 6.0, 20% v/v Jeffamine® M-600® pH 7.0; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.0,30% v/v Jeffamine® M-600® pH 7.0; 0.1 M Citric acid pH 3.5, 14% w/vPolyethylene glycol 1,000; 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH5.5, 22% w/v Polyethylene glycol 1,000; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 30% w/vPolyethylene glycol 1,000; 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.5, 30%w/v Polyethylene glycol 1,500; 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 1,500; 0.1 M BICINE pH 8.5, 15% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 1,500; 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.0, 10% w/vPolyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2,000; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH6.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2,000; 0.1 M Tris pH8.0, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2,000; 0.1 M Sodiumcitrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.0, 30% v/v Jeffamine® ED-2001 pH 7.0;0.1 M Imidazole pH 7.0, 20% v/v Jeffamine® ED-2001 pH 7.0; 0.1 MBIS-TRIS propane pH 9.0, 10% v/v Jeffamine® ED-2001 pH 7.0; 0.1 M Citricacid pH 3.5, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 M Sodium citratetribasic dihydrate pH 5.5, 18% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 MHEPES pH 7.5, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate pH 4.0, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.1 M MESmonohydrate pH 6.0, 14% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.1 M Tris pH8.0, 28% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydratepH 4.5, 30% Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 5,000; 0.1 M BIS-TRISpH 6.5, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 5,000; 0.1 M BICINEpH 8.5, 8% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 5,000; 0.1 M Sodiumcitrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.0, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000;0.1 M Imidazole pH 7.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 MBIS-TRIS propane pH 9.0, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M Citricacid pH 3.5, 28% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.1 M Sodium citratetribasic dihydrate pH 5.5, 16% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.1 MHEPES pH 7.5, 4% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.1 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate pH 4.5, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 10,000; 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH6.5, 16% w/v Polyethylene glycol 10,000; 0.1 M BICINE pH 8.5, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 10,000; 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH5.0, 18% w/v Polyethylene glycol 20,000; 0.1 M Imidazole pH 7.0, 12% w/vPolyethylene glycol 20,000; 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 9.0, 8% w/vPolyethylene glycol 20,000; 0.8 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 MSodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.0, 4% v/v Polyethylene glycol 200; 0.2 MLithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH5.0, 26% v/v Polyethylene glycol 200; 0.05 M Calcium chloride dihydrate,0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 45% v/v Polyethylene glycol 200; 28% v/v2-Propanol, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 3% v/v Polyethylene glycol 200; 20%v/v Tacsimate pH 7.0, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 2% v/v Polyethylene glycol200; 10% v/v 2-Propanol, 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.0,26% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 M Sodiumcitrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.5, 24% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.2M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 18% v/v Polyethylene glycol400; 0.19 mM CYMAL®-7, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 40% v/v Polyethylene glycol400; 6% v/v 2-Propanol, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.5, 26% v/vPolyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 550; 1.8 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 MBIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 2% v/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 550; 0.15 MDL-Malic acid pH 7.0, 0.1 M Imidazole pH 7.0, 22% v/v Polyethyleneglycol monomethyl ether 550; 0.1 M Succinic acid pH 7.0, 0.1 M BICINE pH8.5, 30% v/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 550; 0.1 M Lithiumsulfate monohydrate, 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.5, 20%w/v Polyethylene glycol 1,000; 0.1 M Sodium malonate pH 8.0, 0.1 M TrispH 8.0, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol 1,000; 4% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.1 M Citric acid pH 3.5, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 1,500; 0.2 M L-Proline, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 24% w/vPolyethylene glycol 1,500; 10% v/v 2-Propanol, 0.1 M BICINE pH 8.5, 30%w/v Polyethylene glycol 1,500; 0.1 M Sodium chloride, 0.1 M BIS-TRISpropane pH 9.0, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 1,500; 0.02 M Nickel(II)chloride hexahydrate, 0.02 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.02 MCadmium chloride hydrate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.5, 24%w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2,000; 20% v/v 2-Propanol, 0.1M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether2,000; 0.2 M Ammonium citrate tribasic pH 7.0, 0.1 M Imidazole pH 7.0,20% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2,000; 4.0 M Potassiumformate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 9.0, 2% w/v Polyethylene glycolmonomethyl ether 2,000; 50% v/v Tacsimate pH 4.0, 0.1 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate pH 4.5, 1% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.10% w/vn-Octyl-β-D-glucoside, 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.5,22% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 2% v/v Tacsimate pH 7.0, 5% v/v2-Propanol, 0.1 M Imidazole pH 7.0, 8% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 2%v/v 1,4-Dioxane, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.0, 15% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;18% v/v 2-Propanol, 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.5, 20%w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 6% v/v Tacsimate pH 6.0, 0.1 M MESmonohydrate pH 6.0, 25% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.2 M Magnesiumformate dihydrate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.0, 18% w/vPolyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 5,000; 2% v/v Polyethylene glycol400, 0.1 M Imidazole pH 7.0, 24% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethylether 5,000; 0.2 M Sodium formate, 0.1 M BICINE pH 8.5, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 5,000; 4% v/v 2-Propanol, 0.1 MBIS-TRIS propane pH 9.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether5,000; 6% v/v Ethylene glycol, 0.1 M Citric acid pH 3.5, 10% w/vPolyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.15 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 MCitric acid pH 3.5, 18% Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 10% v/v 2-Propanol,0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.0, 22% w/v Polyethylene glycol6,000; 0.2 M Sodium chloride, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.0,22% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000; 20% v/v 2-Propanol, 0.1 M Tris pH8.0, 5% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000; 10% v/v Polyethylene glycol 200,0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 9.0, 18% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000; 15%v/v 2-Propanol, 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.0, 10% w/vPolyethylene glycol 10,000; 0.4 M Sodium malonate pH 6.0, 0.1 M MESmonohydrate pH 6.0, 0.5% w/v Polyethylene glycol 10,000; 0.2 M Potassiumsodium tartrate tetrahydrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 10% w/vPolyethylene glycol 10,000; 5% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.1 MHEPES pH 7.5, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 10,000; 0.2 M Ammoniumacetate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.0, 16% w/v Polyethylene glycol 10,000; 5% v/v2-Propanol, 0.1 M Citric acid pH 3.5, 6% w/v Polyethylene glycol 20,000;1.0 M Sodium malonate pH 5.0, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.5, 2%w/v Polyethylene glycol 20,000; 0.2 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate,0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.0, 10% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 20,000; 3% w/v Dextran sulfate sodium salt, 0.1 M BICINE pH 8.5,15% w/v Polyethylene glycol 20,000.

Group 10:

0.2 M Sodium fluoride, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 MPotassium fluoride, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Ammoniumfluoride, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Lithium chloride, 20%w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 20%w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodium chloride, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Potassium chloride, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Ammonium chloride, 20% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodium iodide, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;0.2 M Potassium iodide, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 MAmmonium iodide, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodiumthiocyanate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Potassiumthiocyanate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Lithium nitrate,20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Magnesium nitrate hexahydrate,20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodium nitrate, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Potassium nitrate, 20% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 0.2 M Ammonium nitrate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;0.2 M Magnesium formate dihydrate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;0.2 M Sodium formate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Potassiumformate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Ammonium formate, 20%w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Lithium acetate dihydrate, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Zinc acetate dihydrate, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodium acetate trihydrate, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Calcium acetate hydrate, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Potassium acetate, 20% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;0.2 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;0.2 M Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;0.2 M Sodium sulfate decahydrate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2M Potassium sulfate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Ammoniumsulfate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodium tartratedibasic dihydrate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Potassiumsodium tartrate tetrahydrate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 MAmmonium tartrate dibasic, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 MSodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol3,350; 0.2 M Sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate, 20% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 0.2 M Potassium phosphate monobasic, 20% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 0.2 M Potassium phosphate dibasic, 20% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 0.2 M Ammonium phosphate monobasic, 20% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 0.2 M Ammonium phosphate dibasic, 20% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 0.2 M Lithium citrate tribasic tetrahydrate, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, 20%w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Potassium citrate tribasicmonohydrate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Ammonium citratedibasic, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350.

Group 11:

0.1 M Sodium malonate pH 4.0, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 MSodium malonate pH 4.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 M Sodiummalonate pH 5.0, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodiummalonate pH 5.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 M Sodiummalonate pH 6.0, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodiummalonate pH 6.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 M Sodiummalonate pH 7.0, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodiummalonate pH 7.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 4% v/v Tacsimate pH4.0, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 8% v/v Tacsimate pH 4.0, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 4% v/v Tacsimate pH 5.0, 12% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 8% v/v Tacsimate pH 5.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol3,350; 4% v/v Tacsimate pH 6.0, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 8%v/v Tacsimate pH 6.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 4% v/vTacsimate pH 7.0, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 8% v/v Tacsimate pH7.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 4% v/v Tacsimate pH 8.0, 12% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 8% v/v Tacsimate pH 8.0, 20% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 0.1 M Succinic acid pH 7.0, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol3,350; 0.2 M Succinic acid pH 7.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;0.1 M Ammonium citrate tribasic pH 7.0, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol3,350; 0.2 M Ammonium citrate tribasic pH 7.0, 20% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 0.1 M DL-Malic acid pH 7.0, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol3,350; 0.2 M DL-Malic acid pH 7.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 7.0, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol3,350; 0.2 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 7.0, 20% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 0.1 M Sodium formate pH 7.0, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol3,350; 0.2 M Sodium formate pH 7.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;0.1 M Ammonium tartrate dibasic pH 7.0, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol3,350; 0.2 M Ammonium tartrate dibasic pH 7.0, 20% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 2% v/v Tacsimate pH 4.0, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydratepH 4.6, 16% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 2% v/v Tacsimate pH 5.0, 0.1M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 16% w/v Polyethylene glycol3,350; 2% v/v Tacsimate pH 6.0, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 2% v/v Tacsimate pH 7.0, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5,20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 2% v/v Tacsimate pH 8.0, 0.1 M TrispH 8.5, 16% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; (0.07 M Citric acid, 0.03 MBIS-TRIS propane)/pH 3.4, 16% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; (0.06 MCitric acid, 0.04 M BIS-TRIS propane)/pH 4.1, 16% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; (0.05 M Citric acid, 0.05 M BIS-TRIS propane)/pH 5.0, 16%w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; (0.04 M Citric acid, 0.06 M BIS-TRISpropane)/pH 6.4, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; (0.03 M Citric acid,0.07 M BIS-TRIS propane)/pH 7.6, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;(0.02 M Citric acid, 0.08 M BIS-TRIS propane)/pH 8.8, 16% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.02 M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.02 MCadmium chloride hydrate, 0.02 M Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate, 20%w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.01 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate,0.005 M Nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.0, 15%w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.02 M Zinc chloride, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.15 M Cesium chloride, 15% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodium bromide, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;1% w/v Tryptone, 0.05 M HEPES sodium pH 7.0, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol3,350; 1% w/v Tryptone, 0.05 M HEPES sodium pH 7.0, 20% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350.

Group 12:

0.2 M Sodium fluoride, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 MPotassium fluoride, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Ammoniumfluoride, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Lithium chloride, 20%w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 20%w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodium chloride, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Potassium chloride, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Ammonium chloride, 20% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodium iodide, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;0.2 M Potassium iodide, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 MAmmonium iodide, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodiumthiocyanate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Potassiumthiocyanate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Lithium nitrate,20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Magnesium nitrate hexahydrate,20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodium nitrate, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Potassium nitrate, 20% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 0.2 M Ammonium nitrate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;0.2 M Magnesium formate dihydrate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;0.2 M Sodium formate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Potassiumformate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Ammonium formate, 20%w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Lithium acetate dihydrate, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Zinc acetate dihydrate, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodium acetate trihydrate, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Calcium acetate hydrate, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Potassium acetate, 20% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;0.2 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;0.2 M Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;0.2 M Sodium sulfate decahydrate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2M Potassium sulfate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Ammoniumsulfate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodium tartratedibasic dihydrate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Potassiumsodium tartrate tetrahydrate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 MAmmonium tartrate dibasic, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 MSodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol3,350; 0.2 M Sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate, 20% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 0.2 M Potassium phosphate monobasic, 20% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 0.2 M Potassium phosphate dibasic, 20% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 0.2 M Ammonium phosphate monobasic, 20% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 0.2 M Ammonium phosphate dibasic, 20% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 0.2 M Lithium citrate tribasic tetrahydrate, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, 20%w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Potassium citrate tribasicmonohydrate, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Ammonium citratedibasic, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 M Sodium malonate pH4.0, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodium malonate pH 4.0,20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 M Sodium malonate pH 5.0, 12% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodium malonate pH 5.0, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 M Sodium malonate pH 6.0, 12% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodium malonate pH 6.0, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 M Sodium malonate pH 7.0, 12% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodium malonate pH 7.0, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 4% v/v Tacsimate pH 4.0, 12% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 8% v/v Tacsimate pH 4.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol3,350; 4% v/v Tacsimate pH 5.0, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 8%v/v Tacsimate pH 5.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 4% v/vTacsimate pH 6.0, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 8% v/v Tacsimate pH6.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 4% v/v Tacsimate pH 7.0, 12% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 8% v/v Tacsimate pH 7.0, 20% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 4% v/v Tacsimate pH 8.0, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol3,350; 8% v/v Tacsimate pH 8.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 MSuccinic acid pH 7.0, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Succinicacid pH 7.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 M Ammonium citratetribasic pH 7.0, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Ammoniumcitrate tribasic pH 7.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 MDL-Malic acid pH 7.0, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M DL-Malicacid pH 7.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate pH 7.0, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodiumacetate trihydrate pH 7.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 MSodium formate pH 7.0, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodiumformate pH 7.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.1 M Ammoniumtartrate dibasic pH 7.0, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.2 MAmmonium tartrate dibasic pH 7.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 2%v/v Tacsimate pH 4.0, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 16% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 2% v/v Tacsimate pH 5.0, 0.1 M Sodium citratetribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 16% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 2% v/vTacsimate pH 6.0, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS pH 6.5, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol3,350; 2% v/v Tacsimate pH 7.0, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 20% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 2% v/v Tacsimate pH 8.0, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5, 16% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; (0.07 M Citric acid, 0.03 M BIS-TRISpropane)/pH 3.4, 16% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; (0.06 M Citric acid,0.04 M BIS-TRIS propane)/pH 4.1, 16% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;(0.05 M Citric acid, 0.05 M BIS-TRIS propane)/pH 5.0, 16% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; (0.04 M Citric acid, 0.06 M BIS-TRISpropane)/pH 6.4, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; (0.03 M Citric acid,0.07 M BIS-TRIS propane)/pH 7.6, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;(0.02 M Citric acid, 0.08 M BIS-TRIS propane)/pH 8.8, 16% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.02 M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.02 MCadmium chloride hydrate, 0.02 M Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate, 20%w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.01 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate,0.005 M Nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.0, 15%w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.02 M Zinc chloride, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 0.15 M Cesium chloride, 15% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350; 0.2 M Sodium bromide, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350;1% w/v Tryptone, 0.05 M HEPES sodium pH 7.0, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol3,350; 1% w/v Tryptone, 0.05 M HEPES sodium pH 7.0, 20% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 3,350.

Group 13:

0.1 M Citric acid pH 4.0, 0.8 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M Citric acid pH5.0, 0.8 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 0.8 MAmmonium sulfate; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 0.8 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M TrispH 8.0, 0.8 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 0.8 M Ammoniumsulfate; 0.1 M Citric acid pH 4.0, 1.6 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M Citricacid pH 5.0, 1.6 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 1.6 MAmmonium sulfate; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 1.6 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M TrispH 8.0, 1.6 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 1.6 M Ammoniumsulfate; 0.1 M Citric acid pH 4.0, 2.4 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M Citricacid pH 5.0, 2.4 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 2.4 MAmmonium sulfate; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 2.4 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M TrispH 8.0, 2.4 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 2.4 M Ammoniumsulfate; 0.1 M Citric acid pH 4.0, 3.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M Citricacid pH 5.0, 3.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 3.0 MAmmonium sulfate; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 3.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M TrispH 8.0, 3.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 3.0 M Ammoniumsulfate.

Group 14:

0.1 M Citric acid pH 4.0, 10% (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 MSodium acetate trihydrate pH 5.0, 10% (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol;0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 10% (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 MHEPES pH 7.0, 10% (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.0, 10%(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 10%(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M Citric acid pH 4.0, 20%(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 5.0,20% (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 20%(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 20%(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.0, 20%(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 20%(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M Citric acid pH 4.0, 40%(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 5.0,40% (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 40%(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 40%(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.0, 40%(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 40%(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M Citric acid pH 4.0, 65%(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 5.0,65% (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 65%(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 65%(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.0, 65%(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 65%(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol.

Group 15:

0.1 M Citric acid pH 4.0, 5% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M Citricacid pH 5.0, 5% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH6.0, 5% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 5% w/vPolyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.0, 5% w/v Polyethylene glycol6,000; 0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 5% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 MCitric acid pH 4.0, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M Citric acidpH 5.0, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0,10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 10% w/vPolyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.0, 10% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 6,000; 0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000;0.1 M Citric acid pH 4.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 MCitric acid pH 5.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M MESmonohydrate pH 6.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M HEPES pH7.0, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.0, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 20% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 6,000; 0.1 M Citric acid pH 4.0, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol6,000; 0.1 M Citric acid pH 5.0, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M HEPESpH 7.0, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.0, 30% w/vPolyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 30% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 6,000.

Group 16:

0.1 M Citric acid pH 4.0, 1.0 M Lithium chloride; 0.1 M Citric acid pH5.0, 1.0 M Lithium chloride; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 1.0 M Lithiumchloride; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 1.0 M Lithium chloride; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.0,1.0 M Lithium chloride; 0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 1.0 M Lithium chloride; 0.1M Citric acid pH 4.0, 1.0 M Lithium chloride, 10% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 6,000; 0.1 M Citric acid pH 5.0, 1.0 M Lithium chloride, 10% w/vPolyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 1.0 M Lithiumchloride, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 1.0 MLithium chloride, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.0,1.0 M Lithium chloride, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M BICINEpH 9.0, 1.0 M Lithium chloride, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 MCitric acid pH 4.0, 1.0 M Lithium chloride, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol6,000; 0.1 M Citric acid pH 5.0, 1.0 M Lithium chloride, 20% w/vPolyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 1.0 M Lithiumchloride, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 1.0 MLithium chloride, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.0,1.0 M Lithium chloride, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M BICINEpH 9.0, 1.0 M Lithium chloride, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 MCitric acid pH 4.0, 1.0 M Lithium chloride, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol6,000; 0.1 M Citric acid pH 5.0, 1.0 M Lithium chloride, 30% w/vPolyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 1.0 M Lithiumchloride, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 1.0 MLithium chloride, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.0,1.0 M Lithium chloride, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M BICINEpH 9.0, 1.0 M Lithium chloride, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000.

Group 17:

0.1 M Citric acid pH 4.0, 0.8 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M Citric acid pH5.0, 0.8 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 0.8 MAmmonium sulfate; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 0.8 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M TrispH 8.0, 0.8 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 0.8 M Ammoniumsulfate; 0.1 M Citric acid pH 4.0, 1.6 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M Citricacid pH 5.0, 1.6 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 1.6 MAmmonium sulfate; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 1.6 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M TrispH 8.0, 1.6 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 1.6 M Ammoniumsulfate; 0.1 M Citric acid pH 4.0, 2.4 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M Citricacid pH 5.0, 2.4 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 2.4 MAmmonium sulfate; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 2.4 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M TrispH 8.0, 2.4 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 2.4 M Ammoniumsulfate; 0.1 M Citric acid pH 4.0, 3 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M Citricacid pH 5.0, 3 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 3 MAmmonium sulfate; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 3 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M TrispH 8.0, 3 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 3 M Ammonium sulfate;1.0 M Sodium malonate pH 4.0; 1.5 M Sodium malonate pH 4.0; 1.9 M Sodiummalonate pH 4.0; 2.4 M Sodium malonate pH 4.0; 2.9 M Sodium malonate pH4.0; 3.4 M Sodium malonate pH 4.0; 1.0 M Sodium malonate pH 5.0; 1.5 MSodium malonate pH 5.0; 1.9 M Sodium malonate pH 5.0; 2.4 M Sodiummalonate pH 5.0; 2.9 M Sodium malonate pH 5.0; 3.4 M Sodium malonate pH5.0; 1.0 M Sodium malonate pH 6.0; 1.5 M Sodium malonate pH 6.0; 1.9 MSodium malonate pH 6.0; 2.4 M Sodium malonate pH 6.0; 2.9 M Sodiummalonate pH 6.0; 3.4 M Sodium malonate pH 6.0; 1.0 M Sodium malonate pH7.0; 1.5 M Sodium malonate pH 7.0; 1.9 M Sodium malonate pH 7.0; 2.4 MSodium malonate pH 7.0; 2.9 M Sodium malonate pH 7.0; 3.4 M Sodiummalonate pH 7.0; 0.8 M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassiumphosphate dibasic pH 5.0; 0.8 M Sodium phosphate monobasicmonohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 5.6; 0.8 M Sodium phosphatemonobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 6.3; 0.8 M Sodiumphosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 6.9; 0.8M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH7.5; 0.8 M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphatedibasic pH 8.2; 1.0 M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassiumphosphate dibasic pH 5.0; 1.0 M Sodium phosphate monobasicmonohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 5.6; 1.0 M Sodium phosphatemonobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 6.3; 1.0 M Sodiumphosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 6.9; 1.0M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH7.5; 1.0 M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphatedibasic pH 8.2; 1.4 M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassiumphosphate dibasic pH 5.0; 1.4 M Sodium phosphate monobasicmonohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 5.6; 1.4 M Sodium phosphatemonobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 6.3; 1.4 M Sodiumphosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 6.9; 1.4M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH7.5; 1.4 M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphatedibasic pH 8.2; 1.8 M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassiumphosphate dibasic pH 5.0; 1.8 M Sodium phosphate monobasicmonohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 5.6; 1.8 M Sodium phosphatemonobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 6.3; 1.8 M Sodiumphosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 6.9; 1.8M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH7.5; 1.8 M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphatedibasic pH 8.2; 0.1 M Citric acid pH 4.0, 1.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 MCitric acid pH 5.0, 1.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0,1.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 1.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 MTris pH 8.0, 1.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 1.0 M Sodiumchloride; 0.1 M Citric acid pH 4.0, 2.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M Citricacid pH 5.0, 2.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 2.0 MSodium chloride; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 2.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M TrispH 8.0, 2.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 2.0 M Sodiumchloride; 0.1 M Citric acid pH 4.0, 3.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M Citricacid pH 5.0, 3.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 3.0 MSodium chloride; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 3.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M TrispH 8.0, 3.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 3.0 M Sodiumchloride; 0.1 M Citric acid pH 4.0, 4.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M Citricacid pH 5.0, 4.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 4.0 MSodium chloride; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 4.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M TrispH 8.0, 4.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 4.0 M Sodiumchloride.

Group 18:

0.1 M Citric acid pH 4.0, 1.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M Citric acid pH5.0, 1.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 1.0 M Sodiumchloride; 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 1.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.0,1.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 1.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 MCitric acid pH 4.0, 2.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M Citric acid pH 5.0, 2.0M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 2.0 M Sodium chloride;0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 2.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.0, 2.0 MSodium chloride; 0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 2.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 MCitric acid pH 4.0, 3.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M Citric acid pH 5.0, 3.0M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 3.0 M Sodium chloride;0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 3.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.0, 3.0 MSodium chloride; 0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 3.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 MCitric acid pH 4.0, 4.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M Citric acid pH 5.0, 4.0M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 4.0 M Sodium chloride;0.1 M HEPES pH 7.0, 4.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M Tris pH 8.0, 4.0 MSodium chloride; 0.1 M BICINE pH 9.0, 4.0 M Sodium chloride.

Group 19:

1.0 M Sodium malonate pH 4.0; 1.5 M Sodium malonate pH 4.0; 1.9 M Sodiummalonate pH 4.0; 2.4 M Sodium malonate pH 4.0; 2.9 M Sodium malonate pH4.0; 3.4 M Sodium malonate pH 4.0; 1.0 M Sodium malonate pH 5.0; 1.5 MSodium malonate pH 5.0; 1.9 M Sodium malonate pH 5.0; 2.4 M Sodiummalonate pH 5.0; 2.9 M Sodium malonate pH 5.0; 3.4 M Sodium malonate pH5.0; 1.0 M Sodium malonate pH 6.0; 1.5 M Sodium malonate pH 6.0; 1.9 MSodium malonate pH 6.0; 2.4 M Sodium malonate pH 6.0; 2.9 M Sodiummalonate pH 6.0; 3.4 M Sodium malonate pH 6.0; 1.0 M Sodium malonate pH7.0; 1.5 M Sodium malonate pH 7.0; 1.9 M Sodium malonate pH 7.0; 2.4 MSodium malonate pH 7.0; 2.9 M Sodium malonate pH 7.0; 3.4 M Sodiummalonate pH 7.0.

Group 20:

0.8 M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasicpH 5.0; 0.8 M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphatedibasic pH 5.6; 0.8 M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassiumphosphate dibasic pH 6.3; 0.8 M Sodium phosphate monobasicmonohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 6.9; 0.8 M Sodium phosphatemonobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 7.5; 0.8 M Sodiumphosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 8.2; 1.0M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH5.0; 1.0 M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphatedibasic pH 5.6; 1.0 M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassiumphosphate dibasic pH 6.3; 1.0 M Sodium phosphate monobasicmonohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 6.9; 1.0 M Sodium phosphatemonobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 7.5; 1.0 M Sodiumphosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 8.2; 1.4M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH5.0; 1.4 M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphatedibasic pH 5.6; 1.4 M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassiumphosphate dibasic pH 6.3; 1.4 M Sodium phosphate monobasicmonohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 6.9; 1.4 M Sodium phosphatemonobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 7.5; 1.4 M Sodiumphosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 8.2; 1.8M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH5.0; 1.8 M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphatedibasic pH 5.6; 1.8 M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassiumphosphate dibasic pH 6.3; 1.8 M Sodium phosphate monobasicmonohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 6.9; 1.8 M Sodium phosphatemonobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 7.5; 1.8 M Sodiumphosphate monobasic monohydrate/Potassium phosphate dibasic pH 8.2.

Group 21:

1.8 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 7.0, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0;2.8 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 7.0, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0;1.5 M Ammonium chloride, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 1.5 MAmmonium chloride, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 1.5 M Ammoniumchloride, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 3.5 M Ammonium chloride, 0.1 M Sodiumacetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 3.5 M Ammonium chloride, 0.1 M BIS-TRISpropane pH 7.0; 3.5 M Ammonium chloride, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 2.2 M Sodiumchloride, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 2.2 M Sodium chloride,0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 2.2 M Sodium chloride, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5;3.2 M Sodium chloride, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 3.2 MSodium chloride, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 3.2 M Sodium chloride,0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 1.0 M Ammonium citrate dibasic, 0.1 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate pH 4.6; 1.8 M Ammonium citrate dibasic, 0.1 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate pH 4.6; 1.0 M Ammonium citrate tribasic pH 7.0, 0.1 MBIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 2.0 M Ammonium citrate tribasic pH 7.0, 0.1 MBIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 0.7 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, 0.1 MBIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 0.7 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, 0.1 MTris pH 8.5; 1.2 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRISpropane pH 7.0; 1.2 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, 0.1 M Tris pH8.5; 0.4 M Magnesium formate dihydrate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydratepH 4.6; 0.4 M Magnesium formate dihydrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH7.0; 0.4 M Magnesium formate dihydrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 0.7 MMagnesium formate dihydrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 2.0 M Sodiumformate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 2.0 M Sodium formate,0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 2.0 M Sodium formate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5;3.5 M Sodium formate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 3.5 MSodium formate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 3.5 M Sodium formate, 0.1M Tris pH 8.5; 1.2 M DL-Malic acid pH 7.0, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH7.0; 2.2 M DL-Malic acid pH 7.0, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 1.4 MSodium malonate pH 7.0, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 2.4 M Sodiummalonate pH 7.0, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 2.5 M Ammonium nitrate,0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 2.5 M Ammonium nitrate, 0.1 MBIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 2.5 M Ammonium nitrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 6.0M Ammonium nitrate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 6.0 MAmmonium nitrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 6.0 M Ammonium nitrate,0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 1.5 M Sodium nitrate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydratepH 4.6; 1.5 M Sodium nitrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 1.5 MSodium nitrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 4.0 M Sodium nitrate, 0.1 M Sodiumacetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 4.0 M Sodium nitrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propanepH 7.0; 4.0 M Sodium nitrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 1.0 M Ammoniumphosphate monobasic, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 1.8 MAmmonium phosphate monobasic, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6;1.5 M Ammonium phosphate dibasic, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 2.4 M Ammoniumphosphate dibasic, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 1.0 M Sodium phosphate monobasicmonohydrate, Potassium phosphate dibasic/pH 5.0; 1.0 M Sodium phosphatemonobasic monohydrate, Potassium phosphate dibasic/pH 6.9; 1.0 M Sodiumphosphate monobasic monohydrate, Potassium phosphate dibasic/pH 8.2; 1.8M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, Potassium phosphate dibasic/pH5.0; 1.8 M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, Potassium phosphatedibasic/pH 6.9; 1.8 M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, Potassiumphosphate dibasic/pH 8.2; 0.5 M Succinic acid pH 7.0, 0.1 M BIS-TRISpropane pH 7.0; 1.0 M Succinic acid pH 7.0, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH7.0; 1.5 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 1.5M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 1.5 M Ammoniumsulfate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 2.5 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate pH 4.6; 2.5 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH7.0; 2.5 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 0.8 M Lithium sulfatemonohydrate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 0.8 M Lithiumsulfate monohydrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 0.8 M Lithiumsulfate monohydrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 1.5 M Lithium sulfatemonohydrate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 1.5 M Lithiumsulfate monohydrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 1.5 M Lithiumsulfate monohydrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 1.0 M Magnesium sulfate hydrate,0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 1.0 M Magnesium sulfate hydrate,0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 1.0 M Magnesium sulfate hydrate, 0.1 MTris pH 8.5; 1.8 M Magnesium sulfate hydrate, 0.1 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate pH 4.6; 1.8 M Magnesium sulfate hydrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRISpropane pH 7.0; 1.8 M Magnesium sulfate hydrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 0.7M Ammonium tartrate dibasic, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 0.7M Ammonium tartrate dibasic, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 0.7 MAmmonium tartrate dibasic, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 1.0 M Ammonium tartratedibasic, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 1.3 M Ammonium tartratedibasic, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 1.4 M Ammonium tartrate dibasic,0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 0.6 M Potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate, 0.1 MBIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 1.2 M Potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate,0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 0.6 M Potassium sodium tartratetetrahydrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 1.2 M Potassium sodium tartratetetrahydrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 0.5 M Potassium thiocyanate, 0.1 MSodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 0.5 M Potassium thiocyanate, 0.1 MBIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 0.5 M Potassium thiocyanate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5;4.0 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 4.0 MAmmonium acetate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 4.0 M Ammonium acetate,0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 35% v/v Tacsimate pH 7.0, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH7.0; 60% v/v Tacsimate pH 7.0, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0.

Group 22:

PBS buffer, pH 6.6-7.6 (10 mM disodium hydrogen phosphate/sodiumdihydrogen phosphate, 137 mM sodium chloride, 2.7 mM potassium chloride,pH 6.6-7.6); 10×PBS buffer; 50×PBS buffer; TE buffer (10 mM Tris, 1 mMEDTA, pH 8); 10×TE buffer; 50×TE buffer; TBS buffer (25 mM Tris, 150 mMNaCl, 2 mM KCl, pH7.4); 10×TBS buffer; 50×TBS buffer; TAE buffer (40 mMtris-acetate, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.3); 10×TAE buffer; 50×TAE buffer; TBSTbuffer (0.1% Polysorbate 20 (TWEEN-20) in 1×TBS, pH 7.4); 10×TBSTbuffer; 50×TBST buffer; TBE buffer (45 mM Tris-borate, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8);10×TBE buffer; 50×TBE buffer; 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); 20% SDS;30% SDS.

Group 23:

1.8 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 7.0, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0;2.8 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 7.0, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0;1.5 M Ammonium chloride, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 1.5 MAmmonium chloride, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 1.5 M Ammoniumchloride, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 3.5 M Ammonium chloride, 0.1 M Sodiumacetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 3.5 M Ammonium chloride, 0.1 M BIS-TRISpropane pH 7.0; 3.5 M Ammonium chloride, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 2.2 M Sodiumchloride, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 2.2 M Sodium chloride,0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 2.2 M Sodium chloride, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5;3.2 M Sodium chloride, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 3.2 MSodium chloride, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 3.2 M Sodium chloride,0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 1.0 M Ammonium citrate dibasic, 0.1 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate pH 4.6; 1.8 M Ammonium citrate dibasic, 0.1 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate pH 4.6; 1.0 M Ammonium citrate tribasic pH 7.0, 0.1 MBIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 2.0 M Ammonium citrate tribasic pH 7.0, 0.1 MBIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 0.7 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, 0.1 MBIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 0.7 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, 0.1 MTris pH 8.5; 1.2 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRISpropane pH 7.0; 1.2 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, 0.1 M Tris pH8.5; 0.4 M Magnesium formate dihydrate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydratepH 4.6; 0.4 M Magnesium formate dihydrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH7.0; 0.4 M Magnesium formate dihydrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 0.7 MMagnesium formate dihydrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 2.0 M Sodiumformate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 2.0 M Sodium formate,0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 2.0 M Sodium formate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5;3.5 M Sodium formate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 3.5 MSodium formate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 3.5 M Sodium formate, 0.1M Tris pH 8.5; 1.2 M DL-Malic acid pH 7.0, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH7.0; 2.2 M DL-Malic acid pH 7.0, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 1.4 MSodium malonate pH 7.0, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 2.4 M Sodiummalonate pH 7.0, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 2.5 M Ammonium nitrate,0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 2.5 M Ammonium nitrate, 0.1 MBIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 2.5 M Ammonium nitrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 6.0M Ammonium nitrate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 6.0 MAmmonium nitrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 6.0 M Ammonium nitrate,0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 1.5 M Sodium nitrate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydratepH 4.6; 1.5 M Sodium nitrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 1.5 MSodium nitrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 4.0 M Sodium nitrate, 0.1 M Sodiumacetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 4.0 M Sodium nitrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propanepH 7.0; 4.0 M Sodium nitrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5.

Group 24:

1.0 M Ammonium phosphate monobasic, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH4.6; 1.8 M Ammonium phosphate monobasic, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydratepH 4.6; 1.5 M Ammonium phosphate dibasic, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 2.4 MAmmonium phosphate dibasic, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 1.0 M Sodium phosphatemonobasic monohydrate, Potassium phosphate dibasic/pH 5.0; 1.0 M Sodiumphosphate monobasic monohydrate, Potassium phosphate dibasic/pH 6.9; 1.0M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, Potassium phosphate dibasic/pH8.2; 1.8 M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, Potassium phosphatedibasic/pH 5.0; 1.8 M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, Potassiumphosphate dibasic/pH 6.9; 1.8 M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate,Potassium phosphate dibasic/pH 8.2; 0.5 M Succinic acid pH 7.0, 0.1 MBIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 1.0 M Succinic acid pH 7.0, 0.1 M BIS-TRISpropane pH 7.0; 1.5 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydratepH 4.6; 1.5 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 1.5 MAmmonium sulfate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 2.5 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 MSodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 2.5 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M BIS-TRISpropane pH 7.0; 2.5 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 0.8 M Lithiumsulfate monohydrate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 0.8 MLithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 0.8 MLithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 1.5 M Lithium sulfatemonohydrate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 1.5 M Lithiumsulfate monohydrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 1.5 M Lithiumsulfate monohydrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 1.0 M Magnesium sulfate hydrate,0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 1.0 M Magnesium sulfate hydrate,0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 1.0 M Magnesium sulfate hydrate, 0.1 MTris pH 8.5; 1.8 M Magnesium sulfate hydrate, 0.1 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate pH 4.6; 1.8 M Magnesium sulfate hydrate, 0.1 M BIS-TRISpropane pH 7.0; 1.8 M Magnesium sulfate hydrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 0.7M Ammonium tartrate dibasic, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 0.7M Ammonium tartrate dibasic, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 0.7 MAmmonium tartrate dibasic, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 1.0 M Ammonium tartratedibasic, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 1.3 M Ammonium tartratedibasic, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 1.4 M Ammonium tartrate dibasic,0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 0.6 M Potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate, 0.1 MBIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 1.2 M Potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate,0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 0.6 M Potassium sodium tartratetetrahydrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 1.2 M Potassium sodium tartratetetrahydrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 0.5 M Potassium thiocyanate, 0.1 MSodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 0.5 M Potassium thiocyanate, 0.1 MBIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 0.5 M Potassium thiocyanate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5;4.0 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6; 4.0 MAmmonium acetate, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0; 4.0 M Ammonium acetate,0.1 M Tris pH 8.5; 35% v/v Tacsimate pH 7.0, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH7.0; 60% v/v Tacsimate pH 7.0, 0.1 M BIS-TRIS propane pH 7.0.

Group 25:

0.1 M Sodium chloride, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 12% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M Zinc acetate dihydrate, 0.1 MSodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.2M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 10% w/vPolyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.1 M Sodium chloride, 0.1 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate pH 4.6, 12% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydratepH 4.6, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.1 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate pH 4.6, 1.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate pH 4.6, 1.0 M Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate; 0.1 M Magnesiumchloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 18% v/vPolyethylene glycol 400; 0.1 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 M Sodiumacetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 1.0 M Ammonium phosphate monobasic; 0.1 MSodium chloride, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 12% w/vPolyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 MSodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1M Sodium chloride, 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 18%v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.1 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 MSodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol4,000; 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, 0.1 M Sodium citratetribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 10% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.1 M Sodium chloride,0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 12% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydratepH 5.6, 1.0 M Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate; 0.1 M Sodium chloride, 0.1M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol4,000; 0.1 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasicdihydrate pH 5.6, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M Magnesiumchloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 4%v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasicdihydrate pH 5.6, 0.1 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M Lithium sulfatemonohydrate, 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 4% v/vPolyethylene glycol 400; 0.1 M ADA pH 6.5, 1.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 MLithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 M ADA pH 6.5, 12% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 4,000, 2% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.1 M ADA pH 6.5, 1.0 M Ammoniumphosphate dibasic; 0.1 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M ADA pH6.5, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M ADA pH 6.5, 12% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 MADA pH 6.5, 1.0 M Magnesium sulfate hydrate; 0.3 M Lithium sulfatemonohydrate, 0.1 M ADA pH 6.5, 4% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.1 MAmmonium sulfate, 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 0.5 M Sodium phosphatedibasic dihydrate, 0.5 M Potassium phosphate dibasic; 0.1 M Sodiumchloride, 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000;0.1 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 18% v/vPolyethylene glycol 400; 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 1.0 M Potassiumsodium tartrate tetrahydrate; 0.1 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M HEPES sodiumpH 7.5, 18% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.1 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 MHEPES sodium pH 7.5, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.1 M Sodiumcitrate tribasic dihydrate, 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 12% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 1.0 M Sodiumcitrate tribasic dihydrate; 0.6 M Magnesium sulfate hydrate, 0.1 M HEPESsodium pH 7.5, 4% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.6 M Magnesium sulfatehydrate, 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 4% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 MHEPES sodium pH 7.5, 0.1 M Potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate; 0.1 MLithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 12% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M Ammonium phosphate dibasic, 0.1 MTRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 0.5 M Sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate, 0.5M Potassium phosphate dibasic; 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 0.1 MSodium acetate trihydrate; 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 0.1 M Sodiumchloride; 0.1 M Ammonium phosphate dibasic, 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH8.5, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M Potassium sodium tartratetetrahydrate, 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 0.4 M Magnesium sulfatehydrate; 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 0.2 M Lithium sulfatemonohydrate; 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 0.5 M Ammonium sulfate;0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH8.5, 5% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400.

Group 26:

0.1 M Sodium chloride, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 12% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M Zinc acetate dihydrate, 0.1 MSodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.2M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 10% w/vPolyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.1 M Sodium chloride, 0.1 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate pH 4.6, 12% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydratepH 4.6, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.1 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate pH 4.6, 1.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate pH 4.6, 1.0 M Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate; 0.1 M Magnesiumchloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 18% v/vPolyethylene glycol 400; 0.1 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 M Sodiumacetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 1.0 M Ammonium phosphate monobasic; 0.1 MSodium chloride, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 12% w/vPolyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 MSodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1M Sodium chloride, 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 18%v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.1 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 MSodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol4,000; 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, 0.1 M Sodium citratetribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 10% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.1 M Sodium chloride,0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 12% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydratepH 5.6, 1.0 M Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate; 0.1 M Sodium chloride, 0.1M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol4,000; 0.1 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasicdihydrate pH 5.6, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M Magnesiumchloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 4%v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasicdihydrate pH 5.6, 0.1 M Sodium chloride; 0.1 M Lithium sulfatemonohydrate, 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 4% v/vPolyethylene glycol 400; 0.1 M ADA pH 6.5, 1.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 MLithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 M ADA pH 6.5, 12% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 4,000, 2% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.1 M ADA pH 6.5, 1.0 M Ammoniumphosphate dibasic; 0.1 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M ADA pH6.5, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M ADA pH 6.5, 12% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 MADA pH 6.5, 1.0 M Magnesium sulfate hydrate; 0.3 M Lithium sulfatemonohydrate, 0.1 M ADA pH 6.5, 4% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.1 MAmmonium sulfate, 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 0.5 M Sodium phosphatedibasic dihydrate, 0.5 M Potassium phosphate dibasic; 0.1 M Sodiumchloride, 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000;0.1 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 18% v/vPolyethylene glycol 400; 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 1.0 M Potassiumsodium tartrate tetrahydrate; 0.1 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M HEPES sodiumpH 7.5, 18% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.1 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 MHEPES sodium pH 7.5, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.1 M Sodiumcitrate tribasic dihydrate, 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 12% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 1.0 M Sodiumcitrate tribasic dihydrate; 0.6 M Magnesium sulfate hydrate, 0.1 M HEPESsodium pH 7.5, 4% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.6 M Magnesium sulfatehydrate, 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 4% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 MHEPES sodium pH 7.5, 0.1 M Potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate; 0.1 MLithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 12% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M Ammonium phosphate dibasic, 0.1 MTRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 0.5 M Sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate, 0.5M Potassium phosphate dibasic; 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 0.1 MSodium acetate trihydrate; 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 0.1 M Sodiumchloride; 0.1 M Ammonium phosphate dibasic, 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH8.5, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000; 0.1 M Potassium sodium tartratetetrahydrate, 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 0.4 M Magnesium sulfatehydrate; 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 0.2 M Lithium sulfatemonohydrate; 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 0.5 M Ammonium sulfate;0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH8.5, 5% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.02 M Calcium chloride dihydrate,0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 15% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.2 M Potassium sodium tartratetetrahydrate; 0.2 M Ammonium phosphate monobasic; 0.1 M TRIShydrochloride pH 8.5, 1.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.2 M Sodium citratetribasic dihydrate, 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 15% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.2 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate,0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 15% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.1M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 0.7 M Sodium acetate trihydrate;0.2 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, 0.1 M Sodium cacodylatetrihydrate pH 6.5, 15% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 MSodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 15% w/v Polyethylene glycol4,000; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6,15% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasicdihydrate pH 5.6, 0.5 M Ammonium phosphate monobasic; 0.2 M Magnesiumchloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 15% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.2M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5,15% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.2 M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.1 MHEPES sodium pH 7.5, 14% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.2 M Ammoniumsulfate, 0.1 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 15% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 8,000; 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 0.75 M Lithium sulfatemonohydrate; 0.2 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloridepH 8.5, 15% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.2 M Magnesium acetatetetrahydrate, 0.1 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 10% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 M TRIShydrochloride pH 8.5, 15% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.2 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 MSodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 12.5% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000;0.2 M Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, 0.1 M Sodium cacodylate trihydratepH 6.5, 15% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.2 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate, 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 15% w/v Polyethylene glycol4,000; 0.2 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5,15% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.2 M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.1 MSodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 10% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.1 M Imidazole pH6.5, 0.5 M Sodium acetate trihydrate; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 MSodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 15% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.2 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate,0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 10% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.2 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate, 0.1 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 15% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 0.4 M Potassiumsodium tartrate tetrahydrate; 0.2 M Ammonium sulfate, 15% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.2 M Ammonium sulfate, 15% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 4,000; 1.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 2.0 M Sodium formate; 0.1 M Sodiumacetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 1.0 M Sodium formate; 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH7.5, 0.4 M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, 0.4 M Potassiumphosphate monobasic; 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 4% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 4%w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 0.7 M Sodiumcitrate tribasic dihydrate; 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 1.0 M Ammoniumsulfate, 2% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasicdihydrate pH 5.6, 10% v/v 2-Propanol, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000;0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 5% v/v 2-Propanol, 10% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 4,000; 0.05 M Potassium phosphate monobasic, 10% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 8,000; 15% w/v Polyethylene glycol 1,500; 0.1 M Magnesium formatedihydrate; 0.2 M Zinc acetate dihydrate, 0.1 M Sodium cacodylatetrihydrate pH 6.5, 9% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.2 M Calciumacetate hydrate, 0.1 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 9% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 1.0 MAmmonium sulfate; 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 1.0 M Ammoniumphosphate monobasic.

Group 27:

0.02 M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH4.6, 15% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.2 M Potassium sodiumtartrate tetrahydrate; 0.2 M Ammonium phosphate monobasic; 0.1 M TRIShydrochloride pH 8.5, 1.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.2 M Sodium citratetribasic dihydrate, 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 15% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.2 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate,0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 15% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.1M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 0.7 M Sodium acetate trihydrate;0.2 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, 0.1 M Sodium cacodylatetrihydrate pH 6.5, 15% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 MSodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 15% w/v Polyethylene glycol4,000; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6,15% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasicdihydrate pH 5.6, 0.5 M Ammonium phosphate monobasic; 0.2 M Magnesiumchloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 15% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.2M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5,15% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.2 M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.1 MHEPES sodium pH 7.5, 14% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.2 M Ammoniumsulfate, 0.1 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 15% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 8,000; 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 0.75 M Lithium sulfatemonohydrate; 0.2 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloridepH 8.5, 15% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.2 M Magnesium acetatetetrahydrate, 0.1 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 10% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 M TRIShydrochloride pH 8.5, 15% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.2 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 MSodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 12.5% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000;0.2 M Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, 0.1 M Sodium cacodylate trihydratepH 6.5, 15% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.2 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate, 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 15% w/v Polyethylene glycol4,000; 0.2 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5,15% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.2 M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.1 MSodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 10% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.1 M Imidazole pH6.5, 0.5 M Sodium acetate trihydrate; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.1 MSodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 15% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.2 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate,0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 10% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.2 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate, 0.1 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 15% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 0.4 M Potassiumsodium tartrate tetrahydrate; 0.2 M Ammonium sulfate, 15% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.2 M Ammonium sulfate, 15% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 4,000; 1.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 2.0 M Sodium formate; 0.1 M Sodiumacetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 1.0 M Sodium formate; 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH7.5, 0.4 M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, 0.4 M Potassiumphosphate monobasic; 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 4% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 4%w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 0.7 M Sodiumcitrate tribasic dihydrate; 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 1.0 M Ammoniumsulfate, 2% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasicdihydrate pH 5.6, 10% v/v 2-Propanol, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000;0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 5% v/v 2-Propanol, 10% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 4,000; 0.05 M Potassium phosphate monobasic, 10% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 8,000; 15% w/v Polyethylene glycol 1,500; 0.1 M Magnesium formatedihydrate; 0.2 M Zinc acetate dihydrate, 0.1 M Sodium cacodylatetrihydrate pH 6.5, 9% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.2 M Calciumacetate hydrate, 0.1 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 9% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 1.0 MAmmonium sulfate; 0.1 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 1.0 M Ammoniumphosphate monobasic; 0.5 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 2% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.5 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 7.5% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000.

Group 28:

0.01 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M MES monohydrate pH 5.6,1.8 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate; 0.01 M Magnesium acetatetetrahydrate, 0.05 M MES monohydrate pH 5.6, 2.5 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1M Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, 0.05 M MES monohydrate pH 5.6, 20% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.2 M Potassium chloride, 0.01 MMagnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 0.05 M MES monohydrate pH 5.6, 10% v/vPolyethylene glycol 400; 0.2 M Potassium chloride, 0.01 M Magnesiumchloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M MES monohydrate pH 5.6, 5% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 8,000; 0.1 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.01 M Magnesium chloridehexahydrate, 0.05 M MES monohydrate pH 5.6, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol8,000; 0.02 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M MES monohydrate pH6.0, 15% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.1 M Ammonium acetate, 0.005 M Magnesiumsulfate heptahydrate, 0.05 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 0.6 M Sodiumchloride; 0.1 M Potassium chloride, 0.01 M Magnesium chloridehexahydrate, 0.05 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 10% v/v Polyethylene glycol400; 0.005 M Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 0.05 M MES monohydrate pH6.0, 5% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.01 M Magnesium chloridehexahydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 1.0 M Lithiumsulfate monohydrate; 0.01 M Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 0.05 MSodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 1.8 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate;0.015 M Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylatetrihydrate pH 6.0, 1.7 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M Potassium chloride,0.025 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylatetrihydrate pH 6.0, 15% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.04 M Magnesium chloridehexahydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 5% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.04 M Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate,0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 30% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.2 M Potassium chloride, 0.01 M Calciumchloride dihydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 10% w/vPolyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.01 M Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, 0.05 MSodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 1.3 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate;0.01 M Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylatetrihydrate pH 6.5, 2.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M Ammonium acetate, 0.015M Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH6.5, 10% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.2 M Potassium chloride, 0.005 M Magnesiumchloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 0.9 M1,6-Hexanediol; 0.08 M Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, 0.05 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 15% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.2 MPotassium chloride, 0.01 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.2 MAmmonium acetate, 0.01 M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.05 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.08 MMagnesium acetate tetrahydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH6.5, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.2 M Potassium chloride, 0.1 MMagnesium acetate tetrahydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH6.5, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.01 MMagnesium acetate tetrahydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH6.5, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.05 M Magnesium sulfatehydrate, 0.05 M HEPES Sodium pH 7.0, 1.6 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate;0.01 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M HEPES Sodium pH 7.0, 4.0 MLithium chloride; 0.01 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M HEPESSodium pH 7.0, 1.6 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.005 M Magnesium chloridehexahydrate, 0.05 M HEPES Sodium pH 7.0, 25% v/v Polyethylene glycolmonomethyl ether 550; 0.2 M Potassium chloride, 0.01 M Magnesiumchloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M HEPES Sodium pH 7.0, 1.7 M 1,6-Hexanediol;0.2 M Ammonium chloride, 0.01 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 MHEPES Sodium pH 7.0, 2.5 M 1,6-Hexanediol; 0.1 M Potassium chloride,0.005 M Magnesium sulfate hydrate, 0.05 M HEPES Sodium pH 7.0, 15% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M Potassium chloride, 0.01 MMagnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M HEPES Sodium pH 7.0, 5% v/vPolyethylene glycol 400; 0.1 M Potassium chloride, 0.01 M Calciumchloride dihydrate, 0.05 M HEPES Sodium pH 7.0, 10% v/v Polyethyleneglycol 400; 0.2 M Potassium chloride, 0.025 M Magnesium sulfate hydrate,0.05 M HEPES Sodium pH 7.0, 20% v/v Polyethylene glycol 200; 0.2 MAmmonium acetate, 0.15 M Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, 0.05 M HEPESSodium pH 7.0, 5% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.1 M Ammonium acetate,0.02 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M HEPES Sodium pH 7.0, 5%w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.01 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate,0.05 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 7.5, 1.6 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 MPotassium chloride, 0.015 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M TRIShydrochloride pH 7.5, 10% v/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 550;0.01 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 7.5,5% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.05 M Ammonium acetate, 0.01 M Magnesium chloridehexahydrate, 0.05 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 7.5, 10% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.2 M Potassium chloride, 0.05 MMagnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 7.5, 10%w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.025 M Magnesium sulfate hydrate, 0.05 MTRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 1.8 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.005 M Magnesiumsulfate hydrate, 0.05 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 2.9 M 1,6-Hexanediol;0.1 M Potassium chloride, 0.01 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 MTRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 30% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.2 MAmmonium chloride, 0.01 M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.05 M TRIShydrochloride pH 8.5, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000.

Group 29:

0.04 M Lithium chloride, 0.02 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.04 MSodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 5.5, 30% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.02 M Hexammine cobalt(III) chloride;0.08 M Sodium chloride, 0.02 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.04 MSodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 5.5, 35% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.02 M Hexammine cobalt(III) chloride;0.012 M Sodium chloride, 0.08 M Potassium chloride, 0.04 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 5.5, 45% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol,0.02 M Hexammine cobalt(III) chloride; 0.02 M Magnesium chloridehexahydrate, 0.04 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 5.5, 40% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.02 M Hexammine cobalt(III) chloride;0.002 M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydratepH 6.0, 1.8 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.0005 M Spermine; 0.05 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 35% v/v Tacsimate pH 6.0, 0.001 MSpermine; 0.1 M Sodium chloride, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH6.0, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000, 0.0005 M Spermine; 0.05 MPotassium chloride, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 10% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000, 0.0005 M Spermine, 0.0005 M L-Argininamidedihydrochloride; 0.1 M Potassium chloride, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylatetrihydrate pH 6.0, 16% w/v Polyethylene glycol 1,000, 0.0005 M Spermine;0.005 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.002 M Calcium chloridedihydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 15% v/v2-Propanol, 0.001 M Spermine; 0.075 M Sodium chloride, 0.002 M Calciumchloride dihydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 30% w/v1,6-Hexanediol, 0.0005 M Spermine; 0.02 M Magnesium sulfate hydrate,0.002 M Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylatetrihydrate pH 6.0, 25% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.0005 MSpermine; 0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 30% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.08 M Sodium chloride, 0.012 MPotassium chloride, 0.02 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.04 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 30% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol,0.012 M Spermine tetrahydrochloride; 0.08 M Sodium chloride, 0.02 MMagnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.04 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH6.0, 35% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.012 M Sperminetetrahydrochloride; 0.08 M Strontium chloride hexahydrate, 0.04 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 35% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol,0.012 M Spermine tetrahydrochloride; 0.08 M Potassium chloride, 0.02 MBarium chloride dihydrate, 0.04 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0,40% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.012 M Sperminetetrahydrochloride; 0.08 M Potassium chloride, 0.02 M Magnesium chloridehexahydrate, 0.04 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 45% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.012 M Spermine tetrahydrochloride;0.08 M Sodium chloride, 0.04 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 45%v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.012 M Spermine tetrahydrochloride;0.08 M Sodium chloride, 0.02 M Barium chloride dihydrate, 0.04 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 45% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol,0.012 M Spermine tetrahydrochloride; 0.012 M Sodium chloride, 0.08 MPotassium chloride, 0.04 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 50% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.012 M Spermine tetrahydrochloride;0.08 M Potassium chloride, 0.04 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0,55% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.012 M Sperminetetrahydrochloride; 0.018 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 MSodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 10% v/v 2-Propanol, 0.003 MSpermine; 0.02 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M MOPS pH 7.0, 2.0M Ammonium sulfate, 0.0005 M Spermine; 0.05 M HEPES sodium pH 7.0, 40%v/v Tacsimate pH 7.0, 0.002 M Spermine, 0.002 M Hexammine cobalt(III)chloride; 0.02 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M MOPS pH 7.0, 55%v/v Tacsimate pH 7.0, 0.005 M Hexammine cobalt(III) chloride; 0.02 MMagnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH7.0, 15% v/v 2-Propanol, 0.001 M Hexammine cobalt(III) chloride, 0.001 MSpermine; 0.005 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M MOPS pH 7.0,25% v/v 1,4-Dioxane, 0.001 M Spermine; 0.01 M Magnesium chloridehexahydrate, 0.002 M Barium chloride dihydrate, 0.05 M MOPS pH 7.0, 30%v/v 1,4-Dioxane; 0.001 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.002 M Calciumchloride dihydrate, 0.05 M MOPS pH 7.0, 15% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.08 M Strontium chloride hexahydrate,0.02 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.04 M Sodium cacodylatetrihydrate pH 7.0, 20% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.012 MSpermine tetrahydrochloride; 0.08 M Sodium chloride, 0.04 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 7.0, 30% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol,0.012 M Spermine tetrahydrochloride; 0.04 M Lithium chloride, 0.08 MStrontium chloride hexahydrate, 0.04 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH7.0, 30% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.012 M Sperminetetrahydrochloride; 0.04 M Lithium chloride, 0.08 M Strontium chloridehexahydrate, 0.02 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.04 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 7.0, 30% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol,0.012 M Spermine tetrahydrochloride; 0.08 M Sodium chloride, 0.012 MPotassium chloride, 0.02 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.04 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 7.0, 35% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol,0.012 M Spermine tetrahydrochloride; 0.012 M Sodium chloride, 0.08 MPotassium chloride, 0.04 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 7.0, 40% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.012 M Spermine tetrahydrochloride;0.08 M Sodium chloride, 0.02 M Barium chloride dihydrate, 0.04 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 7.0, 40% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol,0.012 M Spermine tetrahydrochloride; 0.08 M Sodium chloride, 0.02 MMagnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.04 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH7.0, 40% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.012 M Sperminetetrahydrochloride; 0.08 M Potassium chloride, 0.02 M Barium chloridedihydrate, 0.04 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 7.0, 40% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.012 M Spermine tetrahydrochloride;0.08 M Potassium chloride, 0.02 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.04 MSodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 7.0, 50% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.012 M Spermine tetrahydrochloride;0.08 M Potassium chloride, 0.04 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 7.0,60% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.012 M Sperminetetrahydrochloride; 0.02 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.002 MCobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 2.0 MAmmonium sulfate, 0.001 M Spermine; 0.02 M Magnesium chloridehexahydrate, 0.05 M PIPES pH 7.5, 4% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000,0.001 M Spermine; 0.015 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.002 M Bariumchloride dihydrate, 0.05 M PIPES pH 7.5, 7% v/v 2-Propanol, 0.0005 MSpermine; 0.02 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M PIPES pH 7.5,10% w/v 1,6-Hexanediol, 0.001 M Spermine; 0.01 M Magnesium chloridehexahydrate, 0.05 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 15% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.0015 M Spermine; 0.2 M Calciumchloride dihydrate, 0.05 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 28% v/v Polyethyleneglycol 400, 0.002 M Spermine; 0.002 M Copper(II) chloride dihydrate,0.05 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 1.8 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate,0.0005 M Spermine.

Group 30:

0.01 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M MES monohydrate pH 5.6,1.8 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate; 0.01 M Magnesium acetatetetrahydrate, 0.05 M MES monohydrate pH 5.6, 2.5 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1M Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, 0.05 M MES monohydrate pH 5.6, 20% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.2 M Potassium chloride, 0.01 MMagnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 0.05 M MES monohydrate pH 5.6, 10% v/vPolyethylene glycol 400; 0.2 M Potassium chloride, 0.01 M Magnesiumchloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M MES monohydrate pH 5.6, 5% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 8,000; 0.1 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.01 M Magnesium chloridehexahydrate, 0.05 M MES monohydrate pH 5.6, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol8,000; 0.02 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M MES monohydrate pH6.0, 15% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.1 M Ammonium acetate, 0.005 M Magnesiumsulfate heptahydrate, 0.05 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 0.6 M Sodiumchloride; 0.1 M Potassium chloride, 0.01 M Magnesium chloridehexahydrate, 0.05 M MES monohydrate pH 6.0, 10% v/v Polyethylene glycol400; 0.005 M Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 0.05 M MES monohydrate pH6.0, 5% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.01 M Magnesium chloridehexahydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 1.0 M Lithiumsulfate monohydrate; 0.01 M Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 0.05 MSodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 1.8 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate;0.015 M Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylatetrihydrate pH 6.0, 1.7 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M Potassium chloride,0.025 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylatetrihydrate pH 6.0, 15% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.04 M Magnesium chloridehexahydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 5% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.04 M Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate,0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 30% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.2 M Potassium chloride, 0.01 M Calciumchloride dihydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 10% w/vPolyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.01 M Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, 0.05 MSodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 1.3 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate;0.01 M Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylatetrihydrate pH 6.5, 2.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 M Ammonium acetate, 0.015M Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH6.5, 10% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.2 M Potassium chloride, 0.005 M Magnesiumchloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 0.9 M1,6-Hexanediol; 0.08 M Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, 0.05 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 15% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.2 MPotassium chloride, 0.01 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.2 MAmmonium acetate, 0.01 M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.05 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.08 MMagnesium acetate tetrahydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH6.5, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.2 M Potassium chloride, 0.1 MMagnesium acetate tetrahydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH6.5, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate, 0.01 MMagnesium acetate tetrahydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH6.5, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.05 M Magnesium sulfatehydrate, 0.05 M HEPES Sodium pH 7.0, 1.6 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate;0.01 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M HEPES Sodium pH 7.0, 4.0 MLithium chloride; 0.01 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M HEPESSodium pH 7.0, 1.6 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.005 M Magnesium chloridehexahydrate, 0.05 M HEPES Sodium pH 7.0, 25% v/v Polyethylene glycolmonomethyl ether 550; 0.2 M Potassium chloride, 0.01 M Magnesiumchloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M HEPES Sodium pH 7.0, 1.7 M 1,6-Hexanediol;0.2 M Ammonium chloride, 0.01 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 MHEPES Sodium pH 7.0, 2.5 M 1,6-Hexanediol; 0.1 M Potassium chloride,0.005 M Magnesium sulfate hydrate, 0.05 M HEPES Sodium pH 7.0, 15% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.1 M Potassium chloride, 0.01 MMagnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M HEPES Sodium pH 7.0, 5% v/vPolyethylene glycol 400; 0.1 M Potassium chloride, 0.01 M Calciumchloride dihydrate, 0.05 M HEPES Sodium pH 7.0, 10% v/v Polyethyleneglycol 400; 0.2 M Potassium chloride, 0.025 M Magnesium sulfate hydrate,0.05 M HEPES Sodium pH 7.0, 20% v/v Polyethylene glycol 200; 0.2 MAmmonium acetate, 0.15 M Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, 0.05 M HEPESSodium pH 7.0, 5% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.1 M Ammonium acetate,0.02 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M HEPES Sodium pH 7.0, 5%w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000; 0.01 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate,0.05 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 7.5, 1.6 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.1 MPotassium chloride, 0.015 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M TRIShydrochloride pH 7.5, 10% v/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 550;0.01 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 7.5,5% v/v 2-Propanol; 0.05 M Ammonium acetate, 0.01 M Magnesium chloridehexahydrate, 0.05 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 7.5, 10% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.2 M Potassium chloride, 0.05 MMagnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 7.5, 10%w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.025 M Magnesium sulfate hydrate, 0.05 MTRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 1.8 M Ammonium sulfate; 0.005 M Magnesiumsulfate hydrate, 0.05 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 2.9 M 1,6-Hexanediol;0.1 M Potassium chloride, 0.01 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 MTRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 30% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.2 MAmmonium chloride, 0.01 M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.05 M TRIShydrochloride pH 8.5, 30% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000; 0.04 M Lithiumchloride, 0.02 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.04 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 5.5, 30% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol,0.02 M Hexammine cobalt(III) chloride; 0.08 M Sodium chloride, 0.02 MMagnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.04 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH5.5, 35% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.02 M Hexamminecobalt(III) chloride; 0.012 M Sodium chloride, 0.08 M Potassiumchloride, 0.04 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 5.5, 45% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.02 M Hexammine cobalt(III) chloride;0.02 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.04 M Sodium cacodylatetrihydrate pH 5.5, 40% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.02 MHexammine cobalt(III) chloride; 0.002 M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.05M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 1.8 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.0005 MSpermine; 0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 35% v/v TacsimatepH 6.0, 0.001 M Spermine; 0.1 M Sodium chloride, 0.05 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000, 0.0005M Spermine; 0.05 M Potassium chloride, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylatetrihydrate pH 6.0, 10% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000, 0.0005 M Spermine,0.0005 M L-Argininamide dihydrochloride; 0.1 M Potassium chloride, 0.05M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 16% w/v Polyethylene glycol1,000, 0.0005 M Spermine; 0.005 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.002M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH6.0, 15% v/v 2-Propanol, 0.001 M Spermine; 0.075 M Sodium chloride,0.002 M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydratepH 6.0, 30% w/v 1,6-Hexanediol, 0.0005 M Spermine; 0.02 M Magnesiumsulfate hydrate, 0.002 M Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 25% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol,0.0005 M Spermine; 0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 30% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.08 M Sodium chloride, 0.012 MPotassium chloride, 0.02 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.04 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 30% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol,0.012 M Spermine tetrahydrochloride; 0.08 M Sodium chloride, 0.02 MMagnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.04 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH6.0, 35% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.012 M Sperminetetrahydrochloride; 0.08 M Strontium chloride hexahydrate, 0.04 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 35% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol,0.012 M Spermine tetrahydrochloride; 0.08 M Potassium chloride, 0.02 MBarium chloride dihydrate, 0.04 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0,40% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.012 M Sperminetetrahydrochloride; 0.08 M Potassium chloride, 0.02 M Magnesium chloridehexahydrate, 0.04 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 45% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.012 M Spermine tetrahydrochloride;0.08 M Sodium chloride, 0.04 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 45%v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.012 M Spermine tetrahydrochloride;0.08 M Sodium chloride, 0.02 M Barium chloride dihydrate, 0.04 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 45% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol,0.012 M Spermine tetrahydrochloride; 0.012 M Sodium chloride, 0.08 MPotassium chloride, 0.04 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 50% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.012 M Spermine tetrahydrochloride;0.08 M Potassium chloride, 0.04 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0,55% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.012 M Sperminetetrahydrochloride; 0.018 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 MSodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 10% v/v 2-Propanol, 0.003 MSpermine; 0.02 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M MOPS pH 7.0, 2.0M Ammonium sulfate, 0.0005 M Spermine; 0.05 M HEPES sodium pH 7.0, 40%v/v Tacsimate pH 7.0, 0.002 M Spermine, 0.002 M Hexammine cobalt(III)chloride; 0.02 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M MOPS pH 7.0, 55%v/v Tacsimate pH 7.0, 0.005 M Hexammine cobalt(III) chloride; 0.02 MMagnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH7.0, 15% v/v 2-Propanol, 0.001 M Hexammine cobalt(III) chloride, 0.001 MSpermine; 0.005 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M MOPS pH 7.0,25% v/v 1,4-Dioxane, 0.001 M Spermine; 0.01 M Magnesium chloridehexahydrate, 0.002 M Barium chloride dihydrate, 0.05 M MOPS pH 7.0, 30%v/v 1,4-Dioxane; 0.001 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.002 M Calciumchloride dihydrate, 0.05 M MOPS pH 7.0, 15% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.08 M Strontium chloride hexahydrate,0.02 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.04 M Sodium cacodylatetrihydrate pH 7.0, 20% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.012 MSpermine tetrahydrochloride; 0.08 M Sodium chloride, 0.04 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 7.0, 30% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol,0.012 M Spermine tetrahydrochloride; 0.04 M Lithium chloride, 0.08 MStrontium chloride hexahydrate, 0.04 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH7.0, 30% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.012 M Sperminetetrahydrochloride; 0.04 M Lithium chloride, 0.08 M Strontium chloridehexahydrate, 0.02 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.04 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 7.0, 30% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol,0.012 M Spermine tetrahydrochloride; 0.08 M Sodium chloride, 0.012 MPotassium chloride, 0.02 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.04 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 7.0, 35% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol,0.012 M Spermine tetrahydrochloride; 0.012 M Sodium chloride, 0.08 MPotassium chloride, 0.04 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 7.0, 40% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.012 M Spermine tetrahydrochloride;0.08 M Sodium chloride, 0.02 M Barium chloride dihydrate, 0.04 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 7.0, 40% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol,0.012 M Spermine tetrahydrochloride; 0.08 M Sodium chloride, 0.02 MMagnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.04 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH7.0, 40% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.012 M Sperminetetrahydrochloride; 0.08 M Potassium chloride, 0.02 M Barium chloridedihydrate, 0.04 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 7.0, 40% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.012 M Spermine tetrahydrochloride;0.08 M Potassium chloride, 0.02 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.04 MSodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 7.0, 50% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.012 M Spermine tetrahydrochloride;0.08 M Potassium chloride, 0.04 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 7.0,60% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.012 M Sperminetetrahydrochloride; 0.02 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.002 MCobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 2.0 MAmmonium sulfate, 0.001 M Spermine; 0.02 M Magnesium chloridehexahydrate, 0.05 M PIPES pH 7.5, 4% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000,0.001 M Spermine; 0.015 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.002 M Bariumchloride dihydrate, 0.05 M PIPES pH 7.5, 7% v/v 2-Propanol, 0.0005 MSpermine; 0.02 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.05 M PIPES pH 7.5,10% w/v 1,6-Hexanediol, 0.001 M Spermine; 0.01 M Magnesium chloridehexahydrate, 0.05 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 15% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 0.0015 M Spermine; 0.2 M Calciumchloride dihydrate, 0.05 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 28% v/v Polyethyleneglycol 400, 0.002 M Spermine; 0.002 M Copper(II) chloride dihydrate,0.05 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 1.8 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate,0.0005 M Spermine.

Group 31:

0.02 M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH4.6, 30% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.26 M Potassium sodiumtartrate tetrahydrate, 35% v/v Glycerol; 0.26 M Ammonium phosphatemonobasic, 35% v/v Glycerol; 0.075 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 1.5 MAmmonium sulfate, 25% v/v Glycerol; 0.2 M Sodium citrate tribasicdihydrate, 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 30% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.16 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate,0.08 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 24% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000, 20%v/v Glycerol; 0.07 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 0.98 M Sodiumacetate trihydrate, 30% v/v Glycerol; 0.14 M Sodium citrate tribasicdihydrate, 0.07 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 21% v/v2-Propanol, 30% v/v Glycerol; 0.17 M Ammonium acetate, 0.085 M Sodiumcitrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 25.5% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000,15% v/v Glycerol; 0.17 M Ammonium acetate, 0.085 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate pH 4.6, 25.5% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000, 15% v/vGlycerol; 0.07 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 0.7 MAmmonium phosphate monobasic, 30% v/v Glycerol; 0.18 M Magnesiumchloride hexahydrate, 0.09 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 27% v/v 2-Propanol,10% v/v Glycerol; 0.2 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, 0.1 M TRIShydrochloride pH 8.5, 30% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.19 M Calciumchloride dihydrate, 0.095 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 26.6% v/v Polyethyleneglycol 400, 5% v/v Glycerol; 0.17 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.085 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 25.5% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000, 15%v/v Glycerol; 0.075 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 1.125 M Lithium sulfatemonohydrate, 25% v/v Glycerol; 0.17 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.085M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 25.5% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000, 15%v/v Glycerol; 0.16 M Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, 0.08 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 16% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000, 20% v/vGlycerol; 0.16 M Ammonium acetate, 0.08 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 24%v/v 2-Propanol, 20% v/v Glycerol; 0.16 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.08 M Sodiumacetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000, 20% v/vGlycerol; 0.2 M Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, 0.1 M Sodium cacodylatetrihydrate pH 6.5, 30% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.17 M Sodiumacetate trihydrate, 0.085 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 25.5% w/vPolyethylene glycol 4,000, 15% v/v Glycerol; 0.2 M Magnesium chloridehexahydrate, 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 30% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400;0.14 M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.07 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH4.6, 14% v/v 2-Propanol, 30% v/v Glycerol; 0.07 M Imidazole pH 6.5, 0.7M Sodium acetate trihydrate, 30% v/v Glycerol; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate,0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 30% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.14 M Sodium citrate tribasicdihydrate, 0.07 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 14% v/v 2-Propanol, 30% v/vGlycerol; 0.17 M Sodium acetate trihydrate, 0.085 M Sodium cacodylatetrihydrate pH 6.5, 25.5% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000, 15% v/vGlycerol; 0.065 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 0.52 M Potassium sodium tartratetetrahydrate, 35% v/v Glycerol; 0.17 M Ammonium sulfate, 25.5% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000, 15% v/v Glycerol; 0.17 M Ammonium sulfate,25.5% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000, 15% v/v Glycerol; 1.5 M Ammoniumsulfate, 25% v/v Glycerol; 3.6 M Sodium formate, 10% v/v Glycerol; 0.07M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 1.4 M Sodium formate, 30% v/vGlycerol; 0.075 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 0.6 M Sodium phosphate monobasicmonohydrate, 0.6 M Potassium phosphate monobasic, 25% v/v Glycerol;0.065 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 5.2% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000,35% v/v Glycerol; 0.07 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 5.6% w/vPolyethylene glycol 4,000, 30% v/v Glycerol; 0.09 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5,1.26 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, 10% v/v Glycerol; 0.085 MHEPES sodium pH 7.5, 1.7 M Ammonium sulfate, 1.7% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 400, 15% v/v Glycerol; 0.095 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydratepH 5.6, 19% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000, 19% v/v 2-Propanol, 5% v/vGlycerol; 0.085 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 17% w/v Polyethylene glycol4,000, 8.5% v/v 2-Propanol, 15% v/v Glycerol; 0.04 M Potassium phosphatemonobasic, 16% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000, 20% v/v Glycerol; 24% w/vPolyethylene glycol 1,500, 20% v/v Glycerol; 0.1 M Magnesium formatedihydrate, 50% v/v Glycerol; 0.16 M Zinc acetate dihydrate, 0.08 MSodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 14.4% w/v Polyethylene glycol8,000, 20% v/v Glycerol; 0.16 M Calcium acetate hydrate, 0.08 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 14.4% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000, 20%v/v Glycerol; 0.08 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 1.6 M Ammoniumsulfate, 20% v/v Glycerol; 0.08 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 1.6 MAmmonium phosphate monobasic, 20% v/v Glycerol; 0.8 M Lithium sulfatemonohydrate, 1.6% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000, 20% v/v Glycerol; 0.4 MLithium sulfate monohydrate, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000, 20% v/vGlycerol.

Group 32:

1.6 M Sodium chloride, 8% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000, 20% v/vGlycerol; 0.3 M Sodium chloride, 0.006 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate,0.006 M Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, 40% v/v Glycerol; 21.25% v/vEthylene glycol, 15% v/v Glycerol; 26.25% v/v 1,4-Dioxane, 25% v/vGlycerol; 1.5 M Ammonium sulfate, 3.75% v/v 2-Propanol, 25% v/vGlycerol; 0.65 M Imidazole pH 7.0, 35% v/v Glycerol; 8% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 1,000, 8% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000, 20% v/v Glycerol; 1.05 MSodium chloride, 7% v/v Ethanol, 30% v/v Glycerol; 0.075 M Sodiumacetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 1.5 M Sodium chloride, 25% v/v Glycerol; 0.2M Sodium chloride, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 30% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.008 M Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate,0.08 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 0.8 M 1,6-Hexanediol, 20% v/vGlycerol; 0.095 M Cadmium chloride hydrate, 0.095 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate pH 4.6, 28.5% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400, 5% v/v Glycerol;0.18 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.09 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 27%w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2,000, 10% v/v Glycerol; 0.15 MPotassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate, 0.075 M Sodium citrate tribasicdihydrate pH 5.6, 1.5 M Ammonium sulfate, 25% v/v Glycerol; 0.375 MAmmonium sulfate, 0.075 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 0.75M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 25% v/v Glycerol; 0.3 M Sodium chloride,0.06 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 1.2% v/v Ethylene iminepolymer, 40% v/v Glycerol; 0.08 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH5.6, 28% v/v tert-Butanol, 20% v/v Glycerol; 0.007 M Iron(III) chloridehexahydrate, 0.07 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 7% v/vJeffamine M-600, 30% v/v Glycerol; 0.095 M Sodium citrate tribasicdihydrate pH 5.6, 2.375 M 1,6-Hexanediol, 5% v/v Glycerol; 0.08 M MESmonohydrate pH 6.5, 1.28 M Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 20% v/vGlycerol; 0.075 M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, 0.075 MPotassium phosphate monobasic, 0.075 M MES monohydrate pH 6.5, 1.5 MSodium chloride, 25% v/v Glycerol; 0.065 M MES monohydrate pH 6.5, 7.8%w/v Polyethylene glycol 20,000, 35% v/v Glycerol; 1.2 M Ammoniumsulfate, 0.075 M MES monohydrate pH 6.5, 7.5% v/v 1,4-Dioxane, 25% v/vGlycerol; 0.05 M Cesium chloride, 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.5, 30% v/vJeffamine M-600; 0.0075 M Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate, 0.075 M MESmonohydrate pH 6.5, 1.35 M Ammonium sulfate, 25% v/v Glycerol; 0.18 MAmmonium sulfate, 0.09 M MES monohydrate pH 6.5, 27% w/v Polyethyleneglycol monomethyl ether 5,000, 10% v/v Glycerol; 0.009 M Zinc sulfateheptahydrate, 0.09 M MES monohydrate pH 6.5, 22.5% v/v Polyethyleneglycol monomethyl ether 550, 10% v/v Glycerol; 1.6 M Sodium citratetribasic dihydrate pH 6.5; 0.5 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5,30% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.08 M HEPES pH 7.5, 8% w/vPolyethylene glycol 6,000, 4% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 20%v/v Glycerol; 0.085 M HEPES pH 7.5, 17% v/v Jeffamine M-600, 15% v/vGlycerol; 0.075 M Sodium chloride, 0.075 M HEPES pH 7.5, 1.2 M Ammoniumsulfate, 25% v/v Glycerol; 0.07 M HEPES pH 7.5, 1.4 M Ammonium formate,30% v/v Glycerol; 0.0375 M Cadmium sulfate hydrate, 0.075 M HEPES pH7.5, 0.75 M Sodium acetate trihydrate, 25% v/v Glycerol; 0.1 M HEPES pH7.5, 70% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.085 M HEPES pH 7.5, 3.655M Sodium chloride, 15% v/v Glycerol; 0.075 M HEPES pH 7.5, 7.5% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000, 6% v/v Ethylene glycol, 25% v/v Glycerol;0.075 M HEPES pH 7.5, 15% w/v Polyethylene glycol 10,000, 25% v/vGlycerol; 0.2 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5, 3.4 M1,6-Hexanediol; 0.075 M Tris pH 8.5, 18.75% v/v tert-Butanol, 25% v/vGlycerol; 0.0075 M Nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate, 0.075 M Tris pH 8.5,0.75 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 25% v/v Glycerol; 1.275 M Ammoniumsulfate, 0.085 M Tris pH 8.5, 25.2% v/v Glycerol; 0.2 M Ammoniumphosphate monobasic, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5, 50% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.075 M Tris pH 8.5, 15% v/v Ethanol,25% v/v Glycerol; 0.008 M Nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate, 0.08 M TrispH 8.5, 16% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2,000, 20% v/vGlycerol; 0.085 M Sodium chloride, 0.085 M BICINE pH 9.0, 17% v/vPolyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 550, 15% v/v Glycerol; 0.095 MBICINE pH 9.0, 1.9 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 5% v/v Glycerol;0.07 M BICINE pH 9.0, 1.4% v/v 1,4-Dioxane, 7% w/v Polyethylene glycol20,000, 30% v/v Glycerol.

Group 33:

0.02 M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH4.6, 30% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.26 M Potassium sodiumtartrate tetrahydrate, 35% v/v Glycerol; 0.26 M Ammonium phosphatemonobasic, 35% v/v Glycerol; 0.075 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 1.5 MAmmonium sulfate, 25% v/v Glycerol; 0.2 M Sodium citrate tribasicdihydrate, 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 30% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.16 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate,0.08 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 24% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000, 20%v/v Glycerol; 0.07 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 0.98 M Sodiumacetate trihydrate, 30% v/v Glycerol; 0.14 M Sodium citrate tribasicdihydrate, 0.07 M Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 21% v/v2-Propanol, 30% v/v Glycerol; 0.17 M Ammonium acetate, 0.085 M Sodiumcitrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 25.5% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000,15% v/v Glycerol; 0.17 M Ammonium acetate, 0.085 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate pH 4.6, 25.5% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000, 15% v/vGlycerol; 0.07 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 0.7 MAmmonium phosphate monobasic, 30% v/v Glycerol; 0.18 M Magnesiumchloride hexahydrate, 0.09 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 27% v/v 2-Propanol,10% v/v Glycerol; 0.2 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, 0.1 M TRIShydrochloride pH 8.5, 30% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 0.19 M Calciumchloride dihydrate, 0.095 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 26.6% v/v Polyethyleneglycol 400, 5% v/v Glycerol; 0.17 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.085 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 25.5% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000, 15%v/v Glycerol; 0.075 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 1.125 M Lithium sulfatemonohydrate, 25% v/v Glycerol; 0.17 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.085M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 25.5% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000, 15%v/v Glycerol; 0.16 M Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, 0.08 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 16% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000, 20% v/vGlycerol; 0.16 M Ammonium acetate, 0.08 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 24%v/v 2-Propanol, 20% v/v Glycerol; 0.16 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.08 M Sodiumacetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 20% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000, 20% v/vGlycerol; 0.2 M Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, 0.1 M Sodium cacodylatetrihydrate pH 6.5, 30% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.17 M Sodiumacetate trihydrate, 0.085 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 25.5% w/vPolyethylene glycol 4,000, 15% v/v Glycerol; 0.2 M Magnesium chloridehexahydrate, 0.1 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 30% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400;0.14 M Calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.07 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH4.6, 14% v/v 2-Propanol, 30% v/v Glycerol; 0.07 M Imidazole pH 6.5, 0.7M Sodium acetate trihydrate, 30% v/v Glycerol; 0.2 M Ammonium acetate,0.1 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 30% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.14 M Sodium citrate tribasicdihydrate, 0.07 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 14% v/v 2-Propanol, 30% v/vGlycerol; 0.17 M Sodium acetate trihydrate, 0.085 M Sodium cacodylatetrihydrate pH 6.5, 25.5% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000, 15% v/vGlycerol; 0.065 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 0.52 M Potassium sodium tartratetetrahydrate, 35% v/v Glycerol; 0.17 M Ammonium sulfate, 25.5% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000, 15% v/v Glycerol; 0.17 M Ammonium sulfate,25.5% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000, 15% v/v Glycerol; 1.5 M Ammoniumsulfate, 25% v/v Glycerol; 3.6 M Sodium formate, 10% v/v Glycerol; 0.07M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 1.4 M Sodium formate, 30% v/vGlycerol; 0.075 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 0.6 M Sodium phosphate monobasicmonohydrate, 0.6 M Potassium phosphate monobasic, 25% v/v Glycerol;0.065 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 5.2% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000,35% v/v Glycerol; 0.07 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 5.6% w/vPolyethylene glycol 4,000, 30% v/v Glycerol; 0.09 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5,1.26 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, 10% v/v Glycerol; 0.085 MHEPES sodium pH 7.5, 1.7 M Ammonium sulfate, 1.7% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 400, 15% v/v Glycerol; 0.095 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydratepH 5.6, 19% w/v Polyethylene glycol 4,000, 19% v/v 2-Propanol, 5% v/vGlycerol; 0.085 M HEPES sodium pH 7.5, 17% w/v Polyethylene glycol4,000, 8.5% v/v 2-Propanol, 15% v/v Glycerol; 0.04 M Potassium phosphatemonobasic, 16% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000, 20% v/v Glycerol; 24% w/vPolyethylene glycol 1,500, 20% v/v Glycerol; 0.1 M Magnesium formatedihydrate, 50% v/v Glycerol; 0.16 M Zinc acetate dihydrate, 0.08 MSodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 14.4% w/v Polyethylene glycol8,000, 20% v/v Glycerol; 0.16 M Calcium acetate hydrate, 0.08 M Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, 14.4% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000, 20%v/v Glycerol; 0.08 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 1.6 M Ammoniumsulfate, 20% v/v Glycerol; 0.08 M TRIS hydrochloride pH 8.5, 1.6 MAmmonium phosphate monobasic, 20% v/v Glycerol; 1.6 M Sodium chloride,8% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000, 20% v/v Glycerol; 0.3 M Sodiumchloride, 0.006 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.006 MHexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, 40% v/v Glycerol; 21.25% v/vEthylene glycol, 15% v/v Glycerol; 26.25% v/v 1,4-Dioxane, 25% v/vGlycerol; 1.5 M Ammonium sulfate, 3.75% v/v 2-Propanol, 25% v/vGlycerol; 0.65 M Imidazole pH 7.0, 35% v/v Glycerol; 8% w/v Polyethyleneglycol 1,000, 8% w/v Polyethylene glycol 8,000, 20% v/v Glycerol; 1.05 MSodium chloride, 7% v/v Ethanol, 30% v/v Glycerol; 0.075 M Sodiumacetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 1.5 M Sodium chloride, 25% v/v Glycerol; 0.2M Sodium chloride, 0.1 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 30% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.008 M Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate,0.08 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 0.8 M 1,6-Hexanediol, 20% v/vGlycerol; 0.095 M Cadmium chloride hydrate, 0.095 M Sodium acetatetrihydrate pH 4.6, 28.5% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400, 5% v/v Glycerol;0.18 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.09 M Sodium acetate trihydrate pH 4.6, 27%w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2,000, 10% v/v Glycerol; 0.15 MPotassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate, 0.075 M Sodium citrate tribasicdihydrate pH 5.6, 1.5 M Ammonium sulfate, 25% v/v Glycerol; 0.375 MAmmonium sulfate, 0.075 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 0.75M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 25% v/v Glycerol; 0.3 M Sodium chloride,0.06 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 1.2% v/v Ethylene iminepolymer, 40% v/v Glycerol; 0.08 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH5.6, 28% v/v tert-Butanol, 20% v/v Glycerol; 0.007 M Iron(III) chloridehexahydrate, 0.07 M Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, 7% v/vJeffamine M-600, 30% v/v Glycerol; 0.095 M Sodium citrate tribasicdihydrate pH 5.6, 2.375 M 1,6-Hexanediol, 5% v/v Glycerol; 0.08 M MESmonohydrate pH 6.5, 1.28 M Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 20% v/vGlycerol; 0.075 M Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, 0.075 MPotassium phosphate monobasic, 0.075 M MES monohydrate pH 6.5, 1.5 MSodium chloride, 25% v/v Glycerol; 0.065 M MES monohydrate pH 6.5, 7.8%w/v Polyethylene glycol 20,000, 35% v/v Glycerol; 1.2 M Ammoniumsulfate, 0.075 M MES monohydrate pH 6.5, 7.5% v/v 1,4-Dioxane, 25% v/vGlycerol; 0.05 M Cesium chloride, 0.1 M MES monohydrate pH 6.5, 30% v/vJeffamine M-600; 0.0075 M Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate, 0.075 M MESmonohydrate pH 6.5, 1.35 M Ammonium sulfate, 25% v/v Glycerol; 0.18 MAmmonium sulfate, 0.09 M MES monohydrate pH 6.5, 27% w/v Polyethyleneglycol monomethyl ether 5,000, 10% v/v Glycerol; 0.009 M Zinc sulfateheptahydrate, 0.09 M MES monohydrate pH 6.5, 22.5% v/v Polyethyleneglycol monomethyl ether 550, 10% v/v Glycerol; 1.6 M Sodium citratetribasic dihydrate pH 6.5; 0.5 M Ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5,30% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.08 M HEPES pH 7.5, 8% w/vPolyethylene glycol 6,000, 4% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 20%v/v Glycerol; 0.085 M HEPES pH 7.5, 17% v/v Jeffamine M-600, 15% v/vGlycerol; 0.075 M Sodium chloride, 0.075 M HEPES pH 7.5, 1.2 M Ammoniumsulfate, 25% v/v Glycerol; 0.07 M HEPES pH 7.5, 1.4 M Ammonium formate,30% v/v Glycerol; 0.0375 M Cadmium sulfate hydrate, 0.075 M HEPES pH7.5, 0.75 M Sodium acetate trihydrate, 25% v/v Glycerol; 0.1 M HEPES pH7.5, 70% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.085 M HEPES pH 7.5, 3.655M Sodium chloride, 15% v/v Glycerol; 0.075 M HEPES pH 7.5, 7.5% w/vPolyethylene glycol 8,000, 6% v/v Ethylene glycol, 25% v/v Glycerol;0.075 M HEPES pH 7.5, 15% w/v Polyethylene glycol 10,000, 25% v/vGlycerol; 0.2 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5, 3.4 M1,6-Hexanediol; 0.075 M Tris pH 8.5, 18.75% v/v tert-Butanol, 25% v/vGlycerol; 0.0075 M Nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate, 0.075 M Tris pH 8.5,0.75 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 25% v/v Glycerol; 1.275 M Ammoniumsulfate, 0.085 M Tris pH 8.5, 25.2% v/v Glycerol; 0.2 M Ammoniumphosphate monobasic, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5, 50% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 0.075 M Tris pH 8.5, 15% v/v Ethanol,25% v/v Glycerol; 0.008 M Nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate, 0.08 M TrispH 8.5, 16% w/v Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2,000, 20% v/vGlycerol; 0.085 M Sodium chloride, 0.085 M BICINE pH 9.0, 17% v/vPolyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 550, 15% v/v Glycerol; 0.095 MBICINE pH 9.0, 1.9 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 5% v/v Glycerol;0.07 M BICINE pH 9.0, 1.4% v/v 1,4-Dioxane, 7% w/v Polyethylene glycol20,000, 30% v/v Glycerol.

Group 34:

10% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 40 mM Sodium cacodylatetrihydrate pH 5.5, 20 mM Hexammine cobalt(III) chloride, 20 mM Magnesiumchloride hexahydrate; 10% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 40 mMSodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 5.5, 20 mM Hexammine cobalt(III)chloride, 80 mM Sodium chloride, 20 mM Magnesium chloride hexahydrate;10% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 40 mM Sodium cacodylatetrihydrate pH 5.5, 20 mM Hexammine cobalt(III) chloride, 12 mM Sodiumchloride, 80 mM Potassium chloride; 10% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 40 mM Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH5.5, 20 mM Hexammine cobalt(III) chloride, 40 mM Lithium chloride, 20 mMMagnesium chloride hexahydrate; 10% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol,40 mM Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 12 mM Sperminetetrahydrochloride, 80 mM Potassium chloride, 20 mM Magnesium chloridehexahydrate; 10% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 40 mM Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 12 mM Spermine tetrahydrochloride, 80 mMPotassium chloride; 10% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 40 mM Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 12 mM Spermine tetrahydrochloride, 80 mMSodium chloride, 20 mM Magnesium chloride hexahydrate; 10% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 40 mM Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH6.0, 12 mM Spermine tetrahydrochloride, 80 mM Sodium chloride; 10% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 40 mM Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH6.0, 12 mM Spermine tetrahydrochloride, 80 mM Sodium chloride, 12 mMPotassium chloride, 20 mM Magnesium chloride hexahydrate; 10% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 40 mM Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH6.0, 12 mM Spermine tetrahydrochloride, 12 mM Sodium chloride, 80 mMPotassium chloride; 10% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 40 mM Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 12 mM Spermine tetrahydrochloride, 80 mMSodium chloride, 20 mM Barium chloride; 10% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 40 mM Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH6.0, 12 mM Spermine tetrahydrochloride, 80 mM Potassium chloride, 20 mMBarium chloride; 10% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 40 mM Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 6.0, 12 mM Spermine tetrahydrochloride, 80 mMStrontium chloride; 10% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 40 mM Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 7.0, 12 mM Spermine tetrahydrochloride, 80 mMPotassium chloride, 20 mM Magnesium chloride hexahydrate; 10% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 40 mM Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH7.0, 12 mM Spermine tetrahydrochloride, 80 mM Potassium chloride; 10%v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 40 mM Sodium cacodylate trihydratepH 7.0, 12 mM Spermine tetrahydrochloride, 80 mM Sodium chloride, 20 mMMagnesium chloride hexahydrate; 10% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol,40 mM Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 7.0, 12 mM Sperminetetrahydrochloride, 80 mM Sodium chloride; 10% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 40 mM Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH7.0, 12 mM Spermine tetrahydrochloride, 80 mM Sodium chloride, 12 mMPotassium chloride, 20 mM Magnesium chloride hexahydrate; 10% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 40 mM Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH7.0, 12 mM Spermine tetrahydrochloride, 12 mM Sodium chloride, 80 mMPotassium chloride; 10% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 40 mM Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 7.0, 12 mM Spermine tetrahydrochloride, 80 mMSodium chloride, 20 mM Barium chloride; 10% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 40 mM Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH7.0, 12 mM Spermine tetrahydrochloride, 80 mM Potassium chloride, 20 mMBarium chloride; 10% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 40 mM Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 7.0, 12 mM Spermine tetrahydrochloride, 40 mMLithium chloride, 80 mM Strontium chloride, 20 mM Magnesium chloridehexahydrate; 10% v/v (+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 40 mM Sodiumcacodylate trihydrate pH 7.0, 12 mM Spermine tetrahydrochloride, 40 mMLithium chloride, 80 mM Strontium chloride; 10% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 40 mM Sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH7.0, 12 mM Spermine tetrahydrochloride, 80 mM Strontium chloride, 20 mMMagnesium chloride hexahydrate.

Group 35:

0.1 M Barium chloride dihydrate; 0.1 M Cadmium chloride hydrate; 0.1 MCalcium chloride dihydrate; 0.1 M Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate; 0.1 MCopper(II) chloride dihydrate; 0.1 M Magnesium chloride hexahydrate; 0.1M Manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate; 0.1 M Strontium chloridehexahydrate; 0.1 M Yttrium(III) chloride hexahydrate; 0.1 M Zincchloride; 0.1 M Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate; 0.1 M Nickel(II)chloride hexahydrate; 0.1 M Chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate; 0.1 MPraseodymium(III) acetate hydrate; 1.0 M Ammonium sulfate; 1.0 MPotassium chloride; 1.0 M Lithium chloride; 2.0 M Sodium chloride; 0.5 MSodium fluoride; 1.0 M Sodium iodide; 2.0 M Sodium thiocyanate; 1.0 MPotassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate; 1.0 M Sodium citrate tribasicdihydrate; 1.0 M Cesium chloride; 1.0 M Sodium malonate pH 7.0; 0.1 ML-Proline; 0.1 M Phenol; 30% v/v Dimethyl sulfoxide; 0.1 M Sodiumbromide; 30% w/v 6-Aminohexanoic acid; 30% w/v 1,5-Diaminopentanedihydrochloride; 30% w/v 1,6-Diaminohexane; 30% w/v 1,8-Diaminooctane;1.0 M Glycine; 0.3 M Glycyl-glycyl-glycine; 0.1 M Taurine; 0.1 M Betainehydrochloride; 0.1 M Spermidine; 0.1 M Spermine tetrahydrochloride; 0.1M Hexammine cobalt(III) chloride; 0.1 M Sarcosine; 0.1 M Trimethylaminehydrochloride; 1.0 M Guanidine hydrochloride; 0.1 M Urea; 0.1 Mβ-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrate; 0.1 MAdenosine-5′-triphosphate disodium salt hydrate; 0.1 M TCEPhydrochloride; 0.01 M GSH (L-Glutathione reduced), 0.01 M GSSG(L-Glutathione oxidized); 0.1 M Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodiumsalt dihydrate; 5% w/v Polyvinylpyrrolidone K15; 30% w/v Dextran sulfatesodium salt; 40% v/v Pentaerythritol ethoxylate (3/4 EO/OH); 10% w/vPolyethylene glycol 3,350; 30% w/v D-(+)-Glucose monohydrate; 30% w/vSucrose; 30% w/v Xylitol; 30% w/v D-Sorbitol; 12% w/v myo-Inositol; 30%w/v D-(+)-Trehalose dihydrate; 30% w/v D-(+)-Galactose; 30% v/v Ethyleneglycol; 30% v/v Glycerol; 3.0 M NDSB-195; 2.0 M NDSB-201; 2.0 MNDSB-211; 2.0 M NDSB-221; 1.0 M NDSB-256; 0.15 mM CYMAL®-7; 20% w/vBenzamidine hydrochloride; 5% w/v n-Dodecyl-N,N-dimethylamine-N-oxide;5% w/v n-Octyl-β-D-glucoside; 5% w/v n-Dodecyl-β-D-maltoside; 30% w/vTrimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate; 30% w/v 1,6-Hexanediol; 30% v/v(+/−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 50% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400; 50% v/vJeffamine M-600 pH 7.0; 40% v/v 2,5-Hexanediol; 40% v/v(±)-1,3-Butanediol; 40% v/v Polypropylene glycol P 400; 30% v/v1,4-Dioxane; 30% v/v Ethanol; 30% v/v 2-Propanol; 30% v/v Methanol; 10%v/v 1,2-Butanediol; 40% v/v tert-Butanol; 40% v/v 1,3-Propanediol; 40%v/v Acetonitrile; 40% v/v Formamide; 40% v/v 1-Propanol; 5% v/v Ethylacetate; 40% v/v Acetone; 0.25% v/v Dichloromethane; 7% v/v 1-Butanol;40% v/v 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol; 40% v/v1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-propanol.

Group 36:

50% w/v Tetraethylammonium bromide; 50% w/v Benzyltriethylammoniumchloride; 50% w/v 2-Hydroxyethylammonium formate; 50% w/v Ethylammoniumnitrate; 50% w/v Cholin acetate; 50% w/v Choline dihydrogen phosphate;50% w/v 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate; 50% w/v1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride; 50% w/v1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride; 50% w/v1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride; 50% w/v1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide; 50% w/v 1,3-Dimethylimidazoliumdimethyl phosphate; 50% w/v 1,3-Dimethylimidazolium methyl sulfate; 50%w/v 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate; 50% w/v1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium n-octylsulfate; 50% w/v1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate; 50% w/v1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate; 50% w/v1-Butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate; 50% w/v1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate; 50% w/v1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoroacetate; 50% w/v1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate; 50% w/vTetrabutylphosphonium bromide; 50% w/v Triisobutylmethylphosphoniumtosylate; 50% w/v 1-Butylpyridinium chloride.

While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown anddescribed herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art thatsuch embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerousvariations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilledin the art without departing from the invention. It should be understoodthat various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention describedherein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended thatthe following claims define the scope of the invention and that methodsand structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents becovered thereby.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for preparing a laboratory solution,comprising: a) a mixing chamber; b) an automated solution dispenser thatmixes at least one solid selected from a plurality of solids and atleast one liquid selected from a plurality of liquids in the mixingchamber to form the solution having one or more target solutioncharacteristics corresponding to the specifications for solutionpreparation, which one or more target solution characteristics areselected from the group consisting of temperature, pH, chemicalcomposition, weight, flow rate, conductivity, turbidity, density,capacitance, volume and viscosity; and c) a control system that isoperably linked to the automated solution dispenser, and a cloud system,wherein the control system is configured to: (i) transmit data to thecloud system, wherein the data comprises a measurement of said one ormore target solution characteristics, said measurement based on inputfrom one or more solution sensors; (ii) receive one or more instructionsfrom the cloud system, wherein the one or more instructions are based atleast in part on the data received from the control system, wherein theone or more instructions comprise specifications for solutionpreparation corresponding to said one or more target solutioncharacteristics; and (iii) direct mixing of the at least one solid andthe at least one liquid in the mixing chamber to form the solutionaccording to the one or more instructions from the cloud system,including the specifications for solution preparation, under conditionsthat are sufficient to yield the solution having the one or more targetsolution characteristics corresponding to the specifications forsolution preparation.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein thespecifications for solution preparation are linked to storedspecifications for solution preparation.
 3. The system of claim 1,wherein the automated solution dispenser doses and mixes at least 4solids.
 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the at least 4 solids arestored within the control system.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein theat least one liquid comprises at least two liquids.
 6. The system ofclaim 5, wherein the control system directs addition of an acid or basesolution to the solution to achieve a target pH specified in thespecifications for solution preparation.
 7. The system of claim 1,wherein the control system stores a target composition of the solution.8. The system of claim 1, wherein the control system uses informationobtained from a sensor to (1) track current or estimated stock level ofthe at least one solid or the at least one liquid and (2) suggest apurchase order for the at least one solid or the at least one liquidwhen the current or estimated stock level falls below a predeterminedlevel.
 9. The system of claim 1, further comprising at least one sensorthat measures at least one characteristic of the solution selected fromthe group consisting of pH, temperature, chemical composition, weight,conductivity, turbidity, density, capacitance, and viscosity.
 10. Thesystem of claim 9, wherein the at least one characteristic of solutionis measured over time.
 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the at leastone sensor measures the at least one characteristic of the solutionprior to mixing.
 12. The system of claim 9, wherein the at least onesensor is coupled to a solids weighing device that receives, weighs anddispenses the at least one solid from a solids dosing mechanism into themixing chamber.
 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the control systemcontrollably supplies the at least one solid to the mixing chamber untila target weight of the at least one solid is reached.
 14. The system ofclaim 9, wherein the at least one sensor is a conductivity sensor orturbidity sensor that measures cleanliness of the system or a portionthereof.
 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the control system performsat least one self-cleaning cycle, and wherein the self-cleaning cyclecleans a flowable path from the at least one controllable inlet portoperatively linked to the mixing chamber through to an output of one ormore outlet ports.
 16. The system of claim 1, further comprising atleast one controllable inlet port operably linked to the mixing chamberfor delivery of at least one component of the solution.
 17. The systemof claim 16, wherein the at least one controllable inlet port comprisesa controllable solids port that controllably supplies the at least onesolid.
 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the controllable solids portcomprises a solids dispensing system that is engageable with a solidsdosing mechanism, wherein the solids dosing mechanism controllablydispenses a dosed amount of the at least one solid with a dosingmechanism driver that is movable in and out of engagement with thesolids dosing mechanism.
 19. The system of claim 18, wherein, the solidsdosing mechanism, when in engagement, is driveable for dispensing thedosed amount of the at least one solid by the dosing mechanism driver.20. The system of claim 18, further comprising a moveable tube extendingfrom the at least one controllable inlet port of the mixing chambertowards the solids dosing mechanism, wherein, when engaged, the moveabletube forms a path between the solids dispensing system and the mixingchamber through which the at least one solid passes.
 21. The system ofclaim 18, wherein the solids dosing mechanism further comprises a dosingscrew rotatable about a longitudinal axis of the dosing screw, whereinthe dosing screw carries the at least one solid.
 22. The system of claim18, wherein the control system determines a weight of the dosed amountdependent on a time and a rate at which the solid dosing mechanism isdriven.
 23. The system of claim 16, wherein the at least onecontrollable inlet port comprises a controllable liquid inlet port forcontrollably supplying the at least one liquid to the mixing chamber.24. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more instructions comprisea solution preparation parameter set, and wherein the control systemdirects mixing according to the solution preparation parameter set. 25.The system of claim 1, wherein the data delivered to the cloud systemcomprises a consumption of a solid component or a liquid component, astock level of a reagent or consumable, an expiry of a solid componentor a liquid component, a maintenance log file of a component of theautomated solution dispenser, a log of instrument use or ingredientusage, or any combination thereof.
 26. The system of claim 1, whereinthe cloud system is configured to optimize timing of a stock orderingbased on the data received from the control system.
 27. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the one or more instructions are further based on datareceived from a control system of a second automated solution dispenser.28. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more instructions arefurther based on data received from a network of automated solutiondispensers.